%PDF-1.3 % 2 0 obj<>stream q 1 i -0.11801 680.157 510.236 -680.314 re 0 680 m W n 0 680.34 510.24 -680.34 re W n 0 0 0 0 k /GS2 gs 62.244 68.923 368.504 438.321 re f BT /F1 1 Tf 18 0 0 18 68.7693 493.2495 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(R)18.8(earing calves outdoors with and without calf)]TJ 0.053 -1.1111 TD (jackets compared with indoor housing on calf)Tj 2.193 -1.1111 TD (health and live-weight performance)Tj /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 140.1225 413.4857 Tm [(B. Earley, M. Murray, J.A. F)73.8(arrell and M. Nolan)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 155.4214 403.4857 Tm [(T)115.9(eagasc, Grange R)18.7(esearch Centre, Dunsany)41.9(, Co. Meath)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 63.2441 364.6003 Tm -0.0026 Tc 0.0343 Tw (The objective of this study was to compare the effects of rearing calves outdoors, with)Tj 0 -1.2 TD (and without all-weather calf jackets, with calves reared indoors on calf immunity and)Tj T* 0.1148 Tw [(animal performance. In F)45.9(ebr)-18.9(uary 1999, male Holstein calves \(mean \(s.e.\) weight 55)]TJ T* -0.0161 Tw (\(1.90\) kg\) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments \(n=30 per treatment\): 1\))Tj T* 0.0441 Tw [(outdoors with jacket, \(J)42(; mean age 19 \(s.e. 2.0\) days\); 2\) outdoors without jacket \(NJ)42.2(;)]TJ T* -0.0025 Tc 0.0488 Tw [(mean age 19 \(s.e. 1.8\) days\), and 3\) indoors on straw \(I; mean age 19 \(s.e. 1.0\) days\).)]TJ T* -0.0026 Tc -0.0266 Tw (Calves received an individual allowance of 25 kg of milk replacer dry matter during the)Tj T* 0.0277 Tw (first 42 days with )Tj /F4 1 Tf 7.6601 0 TD (ad libitum)Tj /F1 1 Tf 4.4288 0 TD [(access to a concentrate ration from day 0 to 63. The jack-)]TJ -12.0889 -1.2 TD 0.0516 Tw [(ets were removed from the calves on day 42. Live-weight gain from day 0 to day 63 of)]TJ T* 0.0707 Tw [(the study was not significantly different between treatments \(J)60(, 0.79; NJ)59.7(, 0.80; I, 0.80)]TJ T* 0.0171 Tw (kg\). Sixty percent of the J calves and 53% of the NJ calves required four or more anti-)Tj T* 0.0048 Tc 0.3676 Tw (biotic treatments for respiratory disease while corresponding treatments were)Tj T* -0.0026 Tc -0.002 Tw (required for 97% of the I calves. The incidence of diarrhoea was significantly higher in)Tj T* 0.0103 Tw (both outdoor treatments compared to the I treatment. There was no significant differ-)Tj T* 0.0852 Tw [(ence in white blood cell counts or in ser)-18.7(um immunoglobulin concentrations between)]TJ T* -0.0025 Tc 0.0286 Tw (treatments on days 0, 21, 42 and 63 or in )Tj /F4 1 Tf 17.7846 0 TD -0.0026 Tc (in vitro)Tj /F1 1 Tf 3.2001 0 TD 0 Tw (interferon-)Tj /F5 1 Tf 4.6538 0.015 TD 0 Tc ()Tj 1 Tr 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 10 M []0 d 0 0 TD ()Tj /F1 1 Tf 0 Tr 0.6695 -0.015 TD -0.0026 Tc 0.0287 Tw (production on day 63. It)Tj -26.3081 -1.2 TD 0.0345 Tw (is concluded that using calf jackets on calves reared outdoors had no beneficial effect)Tj T* 0.0167 Tw (on calf performance or immune status. The incidence of respiratory disease was high-)Tj T* 0.0788 Tw (er and diarrhoea incidence was lower in calves reared indoors compared with calves)Tj T* 0.1121 Tw (reared outdoors. There was no significant difference in incidences of diarrhoea and)Tj T* 0.025 Tw [(respiratory disease between the two outdoor treatments. )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 63.2441 104.1235 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(K)18.8(eywords)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 3.9031 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (: Calf health; calf welfare; calves; immune function; Interferon-)Tj /F5 1 Tf 27.0699 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET 0 0 0 0 k 62.244 575.61 368.504 12.19 re f BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 63.2441 581.0243 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(Irish Journal of Agricultural and F)64.8(ood R)18.7(esearch)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 19.9602 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (43:)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.548 0 TD 0.025 Tw (5967, 2004)Tj ET 0 0 0 0 k 62.244 24.796 368.504 10.055 re f BT 8 0 0 8 242.4961 28.0754 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0 Tw (59)Tj ET 0 0 0 0 k 62.244 70.217 368.504 11.99 re f BT 8 0 0 8 63.2441 75.4311 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (Corresponding author: bearley@grange.teagasc.ie)Tj ET 0.5 w 62.245 86.602 m 430.749 86.602 l S Q endstream endobj 3 0 obj<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 12 0 obj<>stream q 1 i -0.11801 680.157 510.236 -680.314 re 0 680 m W n 0 680.34 510.24 -680.34 re W n 0 0 0 0 k /GS2 gs 79.252 44.759 368.504 564.532 re f BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 141.6849 601.0721 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Introduction)Tj /F2 1 Tf -5.1432 -1.3287 TD -0.0031 Tc 0.286 Tw (The successful management of artifi-)Tj -1.0001 -1.187 TD 0.0593 Tw (cially reared calves requires the provision)Tj T* 0.3062 Tw (of suitable housing and a reduction in)Tj T* 0.0114 Tc 0.3605 Tw (exposure to environmental pathogens.)Tj T* -0.0031 Tc 0.2348 Tw (Outbreaks of pneumonia and diarrhoea)Tj T* 0.2177 Tw (are common in enclosed, intensive calf-)Tj T* 0.3472 Tw (rearing units, where bovine respiratory)Tj T* -0.0341 Tw (disease and enteric disease are transferred)Tj T* 0.1377 Tw (from calf to calf. Diarrhoea and respira-)Tj T* 0.2849 Tw (tory disorders are the main hazards to )Tj T* 0.304 Tw (successful calf rearing and their occur-)Tj T* 0.2312 Tw (rence before 90 days of age affects the)Tj T* -0.0321 Tw (performance of the animal later in life and)Tj T* 0.113 Tw (is associated with a higher age at calving)Tj T* 0.0064 Tc 0 Tw [(\(W)110.7(altner-)110.7(T)147.8(oews )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 7.3113 0 TD 0.3655 Tw (et al)Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.1196 0 TD 0.0065 Tc [(., 1986a; W)110.8(altner-)]TJ -9.4309 -1.187 TD -0.0031 Tc -0.0161 Tw [(T)147.9(oews, Martin and Meek, 1986b; W)110.6(arnick,)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (Erb and White, 1994\). )Tj 1.0001 -1.187 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.4042 Tw [(A Canadian survey \(W)110.8(altner-)110.7(T)147.9(oews )]TJ /F3 1 Tf -1.0001 -1.187 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0304 Tw (et al)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.7519 0 TD (., 1986a\), in which the scale of opera-)Tj -1.7519 -1.187 TD 0.1635 Tw (tion ranged from 23 to 154 calvings per)Tj T* 0.1366 Tw (year, showed that the farm-level mortal-)Tj T* 0.0893 Tw (ity rate per 6-month season \(winter/sum-)Tj T* 0.3303 Tw (mer\) was 6% and that 20% of calves )Tj T* 0.2735 Tw (were treated for scours and 15% were)Tj T* 0.1055 Tw (treated for pneumonia before the age of)Tj T* 0.0102 Tw [(weaning. P)36.8(eters \(1986\) studied the effects)]TJ T* 0.0209 Tw (of housing \(indoors )Tj /F3 1 Tf 8.6246 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (v)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.4419 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0209 Tw (. outdoors\), penning)Tj -9.0665 -1.187 TD 0 Tw (\(individual )Tj /F3 1 Tf 5.1248 0 TD 0 Tc (v)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.4419 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.262 Tw (. group\), breed, time since)Tj -5.5667 -1.187 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.4008 Tw (purchase and season of purchase of)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0054 Tw (calves. He concluded that pneumonia was)Tj T* 0.0199 Tc 0.5117 Tw (the most common disease symptom)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0671 Tw (\(48.3% of calves\) with diarrhoea the sec-)Tj T* 0.1433 Tw (ond most common \(14.1%\). Neither the)Tj T* 0.175 Tw (type of penning or housing affected the)Tj T* 0.3617 Tw (incidence of pneumonia but diarrhoea)Tj T* 0.0438 Tw (was most common in individually penned)Tj T* 0.3733 Tw (calves. Limitations of space, diet, and)Tj T* 0.2873 Tw (social environment have been reported )Tj T* 0.117 Tw (to impair the welfare of calves reared in)Tj T* -0.0066 Tc 0.0103 Tw [(intensive farm systems \(L)-18.9(eNeindre, 1993\).)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.2559 Tw (In intensive farms most of the animals )Tj T* 0.22 Tw (are housed in tether stalls or in crates.)Tj T* 0.0377 Tw (Stalls that restrict the behaviour of calves)Tj T* 0.0199 Tc 0.38 Tw (are not an adequate housing system)Tj T* 0.0112 Tc 0.3637 Tw [(\(L)-18.9(eNeindre, 1993\). Andrighetto )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 15.3666 0 TD (et al)Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.1417 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (.)Tj -17.5083 -1.187 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.3202 Tw (\(1999\) observed a favourable effect of)Tj 18.8921 54.7437 TD 0.1163 Tw (group rearing on growth performance in)Tj 0 -1.187 TD 0.251 Tw (the late period of growth. Fisher )Tj /F3 1 Tf 15.5358 0 TD (et al)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.9724 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (.)Tj -17.5083 -1.187 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.012 Tw (\(1985\) reported lower daily gains and less)Tj T* 0.0199 Tc 0.552 Tw (favourable feed efficiency for post-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1131 Tw (weaned calves housed in narrow individ-)Tj T* 0.3205 Tw (ual pens \(0.66 m 1.48 m\) than for )Tj T* 0.0021 Tc 0.3728 Tw (animals kept in wider individual pens)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (\(1.36 m 1.48 m\). )Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD 0 Tw (Sargeant )Tj /F3 1 Tf 4.1404 0 TD 0.1194 Tw (et al)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.8409 0 TD (. \(1994\) reported that of)Tj -6.9814 -1.2 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.3867 Tw (4863 white-veal calves reared on six )Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1408 Tw (commercial white-veal farms in Ontario,)Tj T* 0.2411 Tw (and followed through production, 3.7%)Tj T* 0.2432 Tw (died, with pneumonia being the largest)Tj T* 0.0091 Tw [(single cause of death. P)36.7(eak death and cull)]TJ T* 0.2573 Tw (losses occurred during the seventh and)Tj T* 0.2 Tw (eighth week of production. In an effort )Tj T* -0.0003 Tw (to reduce the incidence of respiratory dis-)Tj T* 0.0955 Tw (ease in calves some producers have used)Tj T* 0.1898 Tw (outdoor hutches. Housing mostly in the)Tj T* 0.1006 Tw (presence of adult cattle was a risk factor)Tj T* 0.2104 Tw (for pneumonia, whereas housing mostly)Tj T* 0.1666 Tw [(alone in a hutch was protective \(V)36.7(irtala )]TJ /F3 1 Tf T* 0.0933 Tw (et al)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.8148 0 TD (., 1999\). An alternative to the use of)Tj -1.8148 -1.2 TD 0.0672 Tw (calf hutches, is the use of an all-weather-)Tj T* 0.2398 Tw (jacket for calves reared outdoors. Data)Tj T* -0.0138 Tw (are not available to indicate the beneficial)Tj T* 0.3212 Tw (effects of rearing calves outdoors with)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (jackets on immunity and performance. )Tj 1.0001 -1.183 TD 0.1021 Tw [(F)36.9(rom the viewpoint of animal welfare,)]TJ -1.0001 -1.183 TD 0.2444 Tw (including animal health, it is important )Tj T* 0.0106 Tw (to develop a combination of management)Tj T* 0.0199 Tc 0.526 Tw (procedures which will minimise the)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1575 Tw (adverse effects of respiratory disease on)Tj T* 0.3183 Tw (animal performance and health/welfare)Tj T* 0.0014 Tw (indicators. In the present study, the work-)Tj T* 0.1351 Tw (ing hypothesis, using controlled compar-)Tj T* 0.1009 Tw (isons was that, 1\) calves reared outdoors)Tj T* 0.1066 Tw (using a calf jacket are less susceptible to)Tj T* 0.0089 Tc 0.366 Tw (respiratory disease than calves reared)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc -0.0116 Tw (indoors and that 2\) calves reared outdoors)Tj T* -0.0123 Tw (using calf jackets are more resistant to dis-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0682 Tw (ease than calves reared outdoors without)Tj T* 0.0006 Tw (jackets. The overall objective of this study)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (was to evaluate use of an all-weather calf)Tj T* 0.2707 Tw (jacket on immunocompetence and per-)Tj T* 0.0474 Tw (formance of calves artificially reared out-)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (doors with that of calves reared indoors.)Tj ET 0 0 0 0 k 79.252 618.473 368.504 11.745 re f BT 8 0 0 8 80.2519 623.4423 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(60)-1831.1(IRISH JOURNAL OF A)27.7(GRICUL)92.7(TUR)36.8(AL AND FOOD RESEAR)55.8(CH, V)18.7(OL. 43, NO. 1, 2004)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 13 0 obj<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 15 0 obj<>stream q 1 i -0.11801 680.157 510.236 -680.314 re 0 680 m W n 0 680.34 510.24 -680.34 re W n 0 0 0 0 k /GS2 gs 62.244 48.275 368.504 561.016 re f BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 101.219 601.0721 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (Materials and Methods)Tj /F3 1 Tf -3.7975 -1.2 TD (Animals and management)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0 -1.217 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.2246 Tw (Ninety Holstein )Tj /F5 1 Tf 7.3046 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.0034 0 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.2246 Tw [(F)36.9(riesian calves \(mean)]TJ -8.3081 -1.217 TD 0.0647 Tw (\(s.e.\) weight 55 \(1.90\) kg\) were purchased)Tj T* -0.01 Tw [(directly from dairy farms in F)36.9(ebruary 1999.)]TJ T* 0.36 Tw [(On arrival at Grange R)36.8(esearch Centre)]TJ T* 0.0987 Tw (\(day 0\) the calves were weighed and allo-)Tj T* 0.1842 Tw (cated at random to one of the following)Tj T* 0.0505 Tw (treatments; 1\) outdoors with an all-weath-)Tj T* 0.0251 Tw (er jacket \(J; mean \(s.e.\) age 19 \(2.0\) days\),)Tj T* 0.1204 Tw (2\) outdoors without an all-weather jacket)Tj T* 0.0746 Tw (\(NJ; mean \(s.e.\) age 19 \(1.8\) days\) and 3\))Tj T* 0.2578 Tw (indoors on straw \(I; mean \(s.e.\) age 19)Tj T* 0.0099 Tc 0.3714 Tw (\(1.0\) days\). Each calf received a dry )Tj T* -0.0101 Tc 0.0287 Tw (matter allowance of 25 kg of milk replacer)Tj T* 0.0569 Tw (powder offered in water at 38 C by buck-)Tj T* 0.2976 Tw (et during the first 42 days and had )Tj /F3 1 Tf 16.7316 0 TD -0.0102 Tc 0 Tw (ad )Tj -16.7316 -1.217 TD 0.0048 Tc (libitum)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.5799 0 TD 0.36 Tw (access to a concentrate ration )Tj -3.5799 -1.217 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.3302 Tw (consisting of \(g/kg\) rolled barley \(775\),)Tj T* 0.0305 Tw (soyabean meal \(200\), mineral/vitamin \(25\))Tj T* 0.1759 Tw (from day 0 to day 63. The indoor group )Tj T* 0.2191 Tw (of calves were turned out to pasture on )Tj T* 0.2596 Tw (day 63. Clean fresh water was available )Tj T* 0.0099 Tc 0.4208 Tw [(at all times. R)36.7(ectal temperature and )]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.3651 Tw (faecal swabs were taken on arrival at )Tj T* -0.0101 Tc 0.1918 Tw [(the R)36.7(esearch Centre and all calves were )]TJ T* 0.0099 Tc 0.4499 Tw (vaccinated with a )Tj /F3 1 Tf 9.1012 0 TD 0 Tw (Salmonella)Tj /F2 1 Tf 5.4576 0 TD (vaccine)Tj -14.5588 -1.217 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.1322 Tw (\(Grovax, Hoechst Animal Health, Milton)Tj T* -0.0155 Tw [(Keynes, Bucks, UK\). F)36.8(or the 63-day exper-)]TJ T* 0.1815 Tw (imental period three groups of 10 calves)Tj T* 0.0622 Tw (were housed on straw in a naturally venti-)Tj T* 0 Tw (lated )Tj /F3 1 Tf 2.4604 0 TD (Monopitch)Tj /F2 1 Tf 4.782 0 TD 0.1389 Tw (calf house \(4.8 m )Tj /F5 1 Tf 7.8781 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.9177 0 TD -0.01 Tc (10.0)Tj -16.0383 -1.217 TD 0.1788 Tw (m\). The outdoor groups were accommo-)Tj T* 0.0337 Tw (dated in paddocks measuring 56 m )Tj /F5 1 Tf 14.8712 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.8126 0 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.0337 Tw (16 m)Tj -15.6837 -1.217 TD 0.0984 Tw (with a dry sand lying area \(8 m )Tj /F5 1 Tf 13.7219 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.8772 0 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.0984 Tw (5 m\) at)Tj -14.5991 -1.217 TD 0.0099 Tc 0.5435 Tw (the rear of each paddock, with 10 )Tj T* -0.0101 Tc 0.1304 Tw (calves per paddock. Shelter was provided)Tj T* 0.223 Tw (against adverse weather conditions, such)Tj T* 0.2724 Tw (as wind and rain using )Tj /F3 1 Tf 10.8265 0 TD 0 Tw (tildenet)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.4346 0 TD -0.0102 Tc [(\(W)110.6(arren)]TJ -14.2611 -1.217 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.0715 Tw [(P)37(olytunnels, Ballivor, Co. Meath, Ireland\))]TJ T* 0.2763 Tw (double layered fencing \(1.2 m high\) on)Tj T* 0.3678 Tw (three sides. A natural shelter \(wooded)Tj T* 0.1614 Tw (area\) was available on the fourth side of)Tj T* -0.0061 Tc 0.371 Tw (each plot. Jackets were removed from )Tj T* -0.0101 Tc 0.3203 Tw (the calves on day 42 of the study and )Tj T* 0.1347 Tw (the calves were moved to fresh paddocks )Tj 18.8921 54.748 TD 0.0882 Tw (\(16 m )Tj /F5 1 Tf 2.82 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.867 0 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.0882 Tw (100 m\) with a dry sheltered lying )Tj -3.6871 -1.217 TD 0.2287 Tw (area \(8 m )Tj /F5 1 Tf 4.9024 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.0076 0 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.2287 Tw (5 m\) and with shelter also )Tj -5.9099 -1.217 TD 0.2513 Tw (provided against adverse weather condi-)Tj T* 0.1653 Tw (tions. Climatic conditions, including rela-)Tj T* 0.0071 Tc 0.3578 Tw (tive humidity and temperature of the )Tj T* -0.0101 Tc 0.2953 Tw (calf house and outdoor paddocks, were)Tj T* 0.0099 Tc 0.4107 Tw (recorded continuously throughout the)Tj T* -0.0101 Tc 0.0534 Tw (course of the study using minidata loggers)Tj T* 0.1747 Tw [(\(R)18.7(adionics, Dublin, Ireland\). All animals)]TJ T* 0.0546 Tw (were weighed on day 0 and at 7-day inter-)Tj T* 0.1396 Tw [(vals thereafter. A)18.7(verage daily feed intake)]TJ T* 0.0099 Tc 0.3552 Tw (\(ADFI\) were determined on a group )Tj T* -0.0101 Tc 0.3006 Tw (basis over 7-day periods and total feed)Tj T* -0.0058 Tc 0.3707 Tw (intake was calculated per management)Tj T* -0.0101 Tc 0.1588 Tw (group from day 0 to day 63. Daily rectal)Tj T* 0.1912 Tw (temperature for all calves and frequency )Tj T* -0.0079 Tc 0.3728 Tw (of antibiotic and electrolyte treatments)Tj T* -0.0101 Tc 0.171 Tw (were recorded. Calves with a rectal tem-)Tj T* 0.2468 Tw (perature of )Tj /F5 1 Tf 5.4144 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.5388 0 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.2468 Tw (40 C and clinical signs of )Tj -5.9533 -1.217 TD 0.3408 Tw (respiratory disease \(moderate to severe)Tj T* 0.1569 Tw (respiratory distress on auscultation\) were)Tj T* 0.0481 Tw (administered an antibiotic. All procedures)Tj T* 0.0099 Tc 0.7006 Tw (were conducted under experimental)Tj T* 0.0085 Tc 0.3564 Tw (license from the Irish Department of)Tj T* -0.009 Tc 0.3739 Tw (Health in accordance with the Cruelty )Tj T* 0.0099 Tc 0.5028 Tw [(to Animals A)18.7(ct \(Ireland, 1876\) and)]TJ T* -0.0101 Tc 0.025 Tw (European Union Directive 86/609/EC.)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 -2.6273 TD -0.0001 Tc (Immunological variables )Tj /F2 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD -0.0051 Tc 0.0866 Tw (Calves were bled by jugular venipuncture)Tj T* 0.2673 Tw (on days 0, 21, 42 and 63 of the study.)Tj T* 0.0701 Tw (Serum immunoglobulin G)Tj 6 0 0 6 363.8508 220.3989 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 369.9723 222.3789 Tm -0.0051 Tc 0.0701 Tw [(was measured)]TJ -11.7807 -1.2 TD 0.0547 Tw (quantitatively by single radial immunodif-)Tj T* 0.0193 Tw (fusion \(sRID\) and an internal Ig-standard)Tj T* 0.0149 Tc 0.509 Tw (\(Mancini, Carbonara and Heremans,)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.2896 Tw (1965\). The zinc sulphate turbidity \(IG\))Tj T* 0.1135 Tw (test was performed on all serum samples)Tj T* 0 Tw (\(McEwan )Tj /F3 1 Tf 4.4169 0 TD 0.025 Tw (et al)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.7214 0 TD -0.005 Tc (., 1970\).)Tj -5.1383 -1.21 TD 0.0159 Tc 0.364 Tw (The stimulated lymphocyte produc-)Tj -1.0001 -1.21 TD 0.0049 Tc 0.2581 Tw (tion of interferon-)Tj /F5 1 Tf 8.3283 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.929 0 TD 0.0048 Tc (\(IFN-)Tj /F5 1 Tf 2.5072 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.4159 0 TD 0.0049 Tc 0.2581 Tw (\) was deter-)Tj -12.1804 -1.21 TD 0.167 Tw (mined following whole blood culture of)Tj T* 0.1913 Tw [(heparinised plasma \(W)73.9(ood, Corner and)]TJ T* 0.1992 Tw (Plackett, 1990\) on day 63 of the study.)Tj T* 0.0402 Tw (Duplicate 1.48-ml aliquots of blood were)Tj T* 0.0273 Tw (cultured in 24-well culture plates \(Costar)Tj T* 0.0041 Tw (Corporation, Cambridge, MA\) with 20 )Tj /F5 1 Tf 16.9054 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.5809 0 TD (l)Tj ET 0 0 0 0 k 62.244 617.923 368.504 12.342 re f BT 8 0 0 8 125.7023 623.4898 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 Tc (EARLEY )Tj /F3 1 Tf 4.6139 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(ET AL)-8.9(.)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 3.1925 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(:)-275.1(CALF REARING CONDITIONS AND HEAL)92.6(TH)-6535.3(6)14.8(1)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 16 0 obj<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 18 0 obj<>stream q 1 i -0.11801 680.157 510.236 -680.314 re 0 680 m W n 0 680.34 510.24 -680.34 re W n 0 0 0 0 k /GS2 gs 79.252 48.551 368.504 560.74 re f BT /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 80.252 601.0721 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc 0.0666 Tw (of PBS containing either 1 mg/ml of key-)Tj 0 -1.21 TD 0.3749 Tw (hole limpet haemocyanin \(KLH\) or 1)Tj T* 0.0878 Tw [(mg/ml of Concanavalin-)36.8(A \(Con-)36.8(A\) or no)]TJ T* -0.0154 Tw (additive for 16 h at 37 C and in an atmos-)Tj T* -0.0354 Tw (phere of 5% CO)Tj 6 0 0 6 149.6466 550.6921 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj 10 0 0 10 154.7926 552.6721 Tm -0.0001 Tc -0.0354 Tw (in air. The culture plates)Tj -7.4541 -1.21 TD 0.0053 Tc 0.3696 Tw (were then centrifuged and the super-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.2883 Tw (natant harvested and frozen at 20 C)Tj T* 0.0726 Tw (until it was assayed for IFN-)Tj /F5 1 Tf 12.3229 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.7335 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (production)Tj -13.0564 -1.21 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.5427 Tw [(using an ELIS)27.8(A procedure \(R)36.8(othel )]TJ /F3 1 Tf T* -0.0001 Tc 0.2375 Tw (et al)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.9589 0 TD [(., 1990; CSL Biosciences, P)36.8(arkville,)]TJ -1.9589 -1.21 TD 0.2771 Tw [(V)36.9(ictoria, A)36.7(ustralia\). The )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 11.5293 0 TD (in vitro)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.6985 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (KLH-)Tj -15.2277 -1.21 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.19 Tw [(and Con-)36.8(A)37(-stimulated IFN-)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 12.2054 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.851 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (production)Tj -13.0564 -1.21 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.4982 Tw [(was calculated by substracting the)]TJ T* 0.4021 Tw (absorbance at 450 nm of wells that)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0928 Tw (received PBS alone from the absorbance)Tj T* -0.001 Tw (of wells that received either KLH or Con-)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (A, respectively.)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 -2.377 TD -0.0051 Tc (Haematological and physiological variables )Tj /F2 1 Tf 0 -1.22 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1343 Tw (The haematological variables \(red blood)Tj T* 0.2146 Tw (cell number \(RBC\), haemoglobin \(Hb\),)Tj T* 0.014 Tw (packed cell volume \(PCV\), mean cell vol-)Tj T* 0.017 Tc 0.3579 Tw (ume \(MCV\), total white cell \(TWC\))Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1578 Tw (count, percentage granulocytes, percent-)Tj T* 0.0326 Tw (age monocytes, platelet number, percent-)Tj T* 0.3518 Tw (age lymphocytes\) were determined for)Tj T* 0.1852 Tw (unclotted \(K)Tj 6 0 0 6 136.2835 284.1216 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 10 0 0 10 139.2835 286.1016 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.1852 Tw [(-EDT)92.7(A\) whole blood sam-)]TJ -5.9031 -1.22 TD 0.0528 Tw (ples using an electronic particle hematol-)Tj T* 0.1427 Tw [(ogy analyser \(Celltac MEK)73.8(-610K, Nihon)]TJ T* 0.2053 Tw (Kohden, Japan\) on days 0 and 63. The)Tj T* -0.0059 Tw (physiological variables measured on day 0)Tj T* -0.0203 Tw (and 63 were: blood copper \(Cu)Tj 6 0 0 6 211.1395 229.0816 Tm -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (2+)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.1361 225.1016 Tm -0.0001 Tc -0.0203 Tw (\), plasma)Tj -13.8884 -1.22 TD 0.0191 Tc 0.3558 Tw (glutathione peroxidase \(GPX\), serum)Tj T* 0.0044 Tc 0.3704 Tw [(non-esterified fatty acids \(NEF)110.8(A\) and)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0097 Tw (beta-hydroxybutyrate \(BHB\). Plasma glu-)Tj T* 0.001 Tc 0.3739 Tw (tathione peroxidase \(GPX\) was deter-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.2733 Tw [(mined using the method of P)36.7(aglia and)]TJ T* 0.0845 Tw [(V)129.9(alentine \(1967\) adapted for the SP)129.7(A)27.9(C)0.4(E)]TJ T* 0.3108 Tw (analyser \(Schiapparelli Biosystems, Inc,)Tj T* 0.0558 Tw [(US)27.7(A\). BHB and NEF)110.7(A were determined)]TJ T* 0.0249 Tw [(using R)18.7(andox assay procedures. )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 0 -2.6605 TD (Statistical analyses)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD 0.1974 Tw [(Data were analysed using S)27.7(A)18.9(S software)]TJ T* 0.2009 Tw [(\(S)27.7(A)18.9(S, 1996\). Live-weight data and IgG)]TJ 6 0 0 6 254.8346 62.7166 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 80.252 52.6966 Tm 0.0199 Tc 0.6997 Tw (concentrations were analysed using)Tj 18.8921 54.8376 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1848 Tw (PROC MIXED. A maximum likelihood)Tj 0 -1.2 TD 0.1488 Tw (estimation method was used to estimate)Tj T* 0.0199 Tc 0.5606 Tw (variance-covariance parameters of a)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc -0.0151 Tw (model with treatment and treatment )Tj /F5 1 Tf 15.509 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.7737 0 TD -0.0052 Tc (day)Tj -16.2827 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0201 Tw (as fixed effects and random regression on)Tj T* 0.2376 Tw (day for each animal. An autoregressive)Tj T* 0.0555 Tw (structure was assumed for the covariance)Tj T* 0.3028 Tw (of the residual animal effects and this)Tj T* 0.2011 Tw (covariance structure was assumed to be)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (heterogeneous across treatments. )Tj 1.0001 -1.22 TD -0.0051 Tc 0.336 Tw (Differences between treatments were)Tj -1.0001 -1.22 TD 0.344 Tw (tested using the LSMEANS statement.)Tj T* 0.3362 Tw (The effect of treatment on ADFI was)Tj T* 0.3405 Tw [(analysed by one-way ANO)36.7(V)110.9(A)0( on total)]TJ T* 0.1322 Tw (feed intake for each management group.)Tj T* -0.0066 Tc -0.0323 Tw [(Haematological data, Cu, NEF)110.8(A and BHB)]TJ T* -0.0051 Tc 0.3617 Tw [(were analysed using one-way ANO)36.6(V)110.9(A)0.1(.)]TJ T* -0.0294 Tw (Differences among treatments were tested)Tj T* 0.2636 Tw [(using the T)129.7(ukey option in the MEANS)]TJ T* 0.1278 Tw (statement. Differences between sampling)Tj T* -0.0016 Tw (times \(day 0 and day 63\) were tested using)Tj T* 0.0169 Tw (the paired t-test, the null hypothesis being)Tj T* 0.2936 Tw (that the mean difference between time)Tj T* -0.0051 Tw (points was equal to )Tj 8.2706 0 TD (zero. )Tj 2.3225 0 TD 0.0049 Tc (ZST values were)Tj -10.5931 -1.22 TD 0.0249 Tc 0.6237 Tw (not normally distributed and were)Tj T* 0.0049 Tc 0.0334 Tw (analysed using overall ranked data in the)Tj T* 0.0249 Tc 0.4155 Tw (repeated measures option of PROC)Tj T* 0.0049 Tc 0.015 Tw [(GLM and Kruskall-)55.8(W)110.9(allis \(treatment dif-)]TJ T* 0.1756 Tw [(ference\) and F)36.8(riedman \(day difference\))]TJ T* 0.1381 Tw (post-hoc comparison tests were applied.)Tj T* 0.1407 Tw (GPX values were tested using Kruskall-)Tj T* 0.0107 Tw [(W)110.9(allis and a W)36.8(ilcoxon signed rank test to)]TJ T* 0.181 Tw (evaluate differences between day 0 and)Tj T* 0.2671 Tw (day 63 \(Snedecor and Cochran, 1989\).)Tj T* -0.0019 Tw (The incidences of respiratory disease and)Tj T* 0.1935 Tw (enteric disease were analysed using the)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (chi-square test.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7.2864 -3.8511 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(R)18.8(esults)]TJ /F2 1 Tf -7.2864 -1.2 TD 0.0483 Tw (The temperatures of the rearing environ-)Tj T* 0.2808 Tw (ments ranged from 0.1 C to 13.2 C)Tj T* 0.0926 Tw (\(average 6 C\) for the indoors, and from)Tj T* 0.0935 Tw (2.1 C to 11.1 C \(average 4 C\) for the)Tj T* 0.0199 Tc 0.6989 Tw (outdoors, respectively. The relative)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1586 Tw (humidity of the respective environments)Tj ET 0 0 0 0 k 79.252 618.473 368.504 11.745 re f BT 8 0 0 8 80.2519 623.4423 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw [(62)-1831.1(IRISH JOURNAL OF A)27.7(GRICUL)92.7(TUR)36.8(AL AND FOOD RESEAR)55.8(CH, V)18.7(OL. 43, NO. 1, 2004)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 19 0 obj<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 25 0 obj<>stream q 1 i -0.11801 680.157 510.236 -680.314 re 0 680 m W n 0 680.34 510.24 -680.34 re W n 0 0 0 0 k /GS2 gs 62.244 250.788 368.504 142.268 re f BT /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 63.2441 384.8363 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc 0.1439 Tw (ranged from 42 to 96% with an average)Tj 0 -1.2 TD 0.0878 Tw (79% for indoors and from 47.6 to 99.9%)Tj T* 0.0486 Tw (with an average of 85% for the outdoors,)Tj T* 0 Tw (respectively. )Tj 1.0001 -1.18 TD 0.0112 Tc 0.3637 Tw (There was no significant difference)Tj -1.0001 -1.18 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0481 Tw (between treatments with respect to mean)Tj T* 0.277 Tw (live-weight \(kg\) from day 0 to day 63.)Tj T* -0.021 Tw (Mean \(s.e.\) live weights \(kg\) at day 0 were)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0168 Tw (55.2 \(2.00\), 54.9 \(1.92\) and 55.1 \(1.81\) for)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0998 Tw (treatments J, NJ and I, respectively. The)Tj T* -0.0177 Tw (corresponding values at day 63 were 105.7)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.186 Tw [(\(3.88\), 106.0 \(3.75\) and 108.2 \(3.42\) kg,)]TJ 18.8921 13.04 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0735 Tw (respectively. Similarly, there were no sig-)Tj 0 -1.18 TD 0.3051 Tw (nificant differences between treatments)Tj T* 0.0336 Tw (for mean total food intake per head from)Tj T* 0.0321 Tw (day zero to day 63 \(means \(s.e.\) were J:)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0976 Tw [(28.5 \(0.86\) kg; NJ: 26.7 \(1.01\) kg; I: 30.1)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (\(0.80\) kg\).)Tj 1.0001 -1.19 TD 0.1532 Tw (There was no significant difference in)Tj -1.0001 -1.19 TD -0.0318 Tw (serum ZST units \(Figure 1\) or serum IgG)Tj 6 0 0 6 426.7481 300.0562 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 252.1654 290.1363 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.2878 Tw (concentrations \(Figure 2\) among treat-)Tj T* 0.2237 Tw (ments throughout the study period. On)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.1433 Tw (days 42 and 63 of the study, serum IgG)Tj 6 0 0 6 426.7481 264.3563 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 252.1654 254.4363 Tm 0.0149 Tc 0.3904 Tw (concentration was significantly higher )Tj ET 0 0 0 0 k 62.244 617.923 368.504 12.342 re f BT 8 0 0 8 125.7023 623.4898 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (EARLEY )Tj /F3 1 Tf 4.6139 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(ET AL)-8.9(.)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 3.1925 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(:)-275.1(CALF REARING CONDITIONS AND HEAL)92.6(TH)-6535.3(6)14.8(3)]TJ ET 0 0 0 0 k 62.244 446.111 368.504 163.18 re f Q /GS2 gs q 288 0 0 151.343994 102.496002 452.029053 cm /Im1 Do Q q 1 i -0.11801 680.157 510.236 -680.314 re 0 680 m W n 0 680.34 510.24 -680.34 re W n 0 0 0 0 k 62.244 402.095 368.504 37.071 re f BT /F3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 63.2441 430.9465 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0016 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(F)23.1(igure 1: Mean zinc sulphate turbidity \(ZST\) \(units\) of calves reared outdoors with jackets)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F6 1 Tf 10 0 2.1256 10 75.7142 418.9465 Tm ()Tj /F3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 83.5654 418.9465 Tm -0.0016 Tc 0.0849 Tw (, and without jackets )Tj /F6 1 Tf 11.3418 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F3 1 Tf 1.0917 0 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.0849 Tw ( and indoors )Tj /F6 1 Tf 10 0 2.1256 10 287.6458 418.9465 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 299.8709 418.9465 Tm -0.0016 Tc 0.0849 Tw [( on days 0 to 63 of the study )]TJ -23.6627 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (\(the vertical bar at each point represents the s.e.\).)Tj ET 0 0 0 0 k 62.244 89.801 368.504 145.878 re f Q q 288 0 0 136.511978 102.496002 94.484009 cm /Im2 Do Q q 1 i -0.11801 680.157 510.236 -680.314 re 0 680 m W n 0 680.34 510.24 -680.34 re W n 0 0 0 0 k 62.244 48.409 368.504 37.5 re f BT /F3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 63.2441 77.69 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0051 Tc 0.025 Tw [(F)23.1(igure 2: Mean IgG)]TJ 6 0 0 6 143.5902 75.7101 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 149.2603 77.69 Tm -0.0051 Tc 0.025 Tw (\(mg/ml\) of calves reared outdoors with jackets )Tj /F6 1 Tf 10 0 2.1256 10 352.281 77.69 Tm -0.0094 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 363.0335 77.69 Tm -0.0051 Tc 0.025 Tw (, and without)Tj -29.9789 -1.2 TD (jackets )Tj /F6 1 Tf 10 0 2.1256 10 106.1643 65.69 Tm -0.0093 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 116.6483 65.69 Tm -0.0051 Tc 0.025 Tw ( and indoors )Tj /F6 1 Tf 10 0 2.1256 10 193.4381 65.69 Tm -0.0094 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 205.2307 65.69 Tm -0.0051 Tc 0.025 Tw ( on days 0 to 63 of the study \(the vertical bar at each)Tj -14.1987 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc (point represents the s.e.\).)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 26 0 obj<>/XObject<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 29 0 obj<>stream q 1 i -0.11801 680.157 510.236 -680.314 re 0 680 m W n 0 680.34 510.24 -680.34 re W n 0 0 0 0 k /GS2 gs 79.252 240.516 368.504 229.116 re f BT /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 80.252 461.4124 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0051 Tc 0.0559 Tw (\(day 42, P<0.05; day 63, P<0.05\) in the J )Tj 0 -1.19 TD 0.222 Tw (calves when values were compared with)Tj T* 0.088 Tw (day 0 concentration. Serum IgG)Tj 6 0 0 6 218.4119 435.6324 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 224.7117 437.6124 Tm -0.0051 Tc (concen-)Tj -14.446 -1.19 TD 0.0051 Tc 0.3648 Tw (trations in NJ and I calves were not )Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.0609 Tw (significantly different from the day 0 con-)Tj T* 0.0054 Tc 0.3645 Tw [(centrations. There were no significant)]TJ T* -0.0051 Tc 0.0109 Tw (changes in granulocyte, monocyte, or lym-)Tj T* 0.0149 Tc 0.444 Tw (phocyte percentages, haemoglobin or)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.3253 Tw [(NEF)110.7(A concentrations, platelet numbers )]TJ T* 0.1571 Tw (or total white blood cell numbers, MCV)Tj T* 0.1299 Tw (and PCV between day 0 and day 63. On)Tj T* 0.0368 Tw [(day 63 of the study the T)129.7(reatment I calves)]TJ T* 0.0029 Tc 0.367 Tw (had significantly lower \(P<0.05\) BHB)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.1901 Tw (concentrations \(0.23 \(s.e. 0.008\) mmol/l\))Tj T* -0.0004 Tc 0.3703 Tw (than calves in the outdoor treatments )Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.354 Tw (\(0.28 \(s.e. 0.01\) mmol/l in J and NJ\). )Tj T* 0.0149 Tc 0.6121 Tw (Blood copper and GPX concentra-)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.2742 Tw (tions were similar across treatments on )Tj T* 0.0079 Tw (Day 0. There was no significant difference)Tj 18.8921 21.42 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.3112 Tw (between treatments in either KLH- or)Tj 0 -1.19 TD 0.0012 Tc 0.3737 Tw [(Con-)36.7(A)36.9(-induced IFN-)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 9.2999 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.0373 0 TD 0.0012 Tc 0.3737 Tw (production from )Tj -10.3372 -1.19 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.2246 Tw (lymphocytes collected on day 63 of the)Tj T* 0.2658 Tw (study \(KLH mean \(s.e.\) IFN-)Tj /F5 1 Tf 13.4924 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.9268 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (produc-)Tj -14.4192 -1.19 TD 0 Tc 0.1584 Tw (tion for J, 0.12 \(0.004\); NJ, 0.14 \(0.005\))Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1927 Tw [(and I, 0.13 \(0.004\); CON-)36.7(A mean \(s.e.\))]TJ T* 0.0198 Tc 0 Tw (IFN)Tj /F5 1 Tf 1.8295 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.1981 0 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.4972 Tw (production for J, 0.66 \(0.02\), )Tj -3.0276 -1.19 TD 0.4334 Tw (NJ, 0.69 \(0.03\) and I, 0.65 \(0.015\), )Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (respectively\).)Tj 1.0001 -1.19 TD 0.2228 Tw (On days 21 and 42 of the study, red)Tj -1.0001 -1.19 TD 0.0346 Tw (blood cell number, Hb concentration and)Tj T* 0.0085 Tw (haematocrit percentage were significantly)Tj T* 0.1358 Tw [(lower in T)129.8(reatment I compared with the)]TJ T* 0.2831 Tw [(two outdoor treatments \(T)147.8(able 1\). The)]TJ T* 0.0243 Tw (incidence of respiratory disease was high-)Tj T* 0.1367 Tw [(er in T)129.8(reatment I while the incidence of)]TJ T* -0.0276 Tw (diarrhoea was higher in the outdoor treat-)Tj T* 0.0157 Tc 0.3592 Tw [(ments, irrespective of calf jacket use)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(\(T)147.8(able 2\).)]TJ ET 0 0 0 0 k 79.252 618.473 368.504 11.745 re f BT 8 0 0 8 80.2519 623.4423 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(64)-1831.1(IRISH JOURNAL OF A)27.7(GRICUL)92.7(TUR)36.8(AL AND FOOD RESEAR)55.8(CH, V)18.7(OL. 43, NO. 1, 2004)]TJ ET 0 0 0 0 k 79.252 481.416 368.504 127.875 re f BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 80.252 602.5159 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.3157 Tw [(T)97(able 1. Effect of rearing calves outdoors, with and without jackets, or indoors on red blood cell )]TJ 0 -1.25 TD 0.2404 Tw [(number)92.7(, haematocrit percentage and haemoglobin concentration \(mean s.e.\) 21 and 42 days after )]TJ 18.0954 -1.25 TD 0.025 Tw (initiation of treatment)Tj /F2 1 Tf -18.0954 -2.2775 TD [(T)129.8(reatment)-6695(No. of red blood )-4952.5(Haematocrit \(%\))-4964.1(Haemoglobin \(g/dl\))]TJ 11.8992 -1.25 TD (cells \()Tj /F5 1 Tf 2.5165 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.5488 0 TD (10)Tj 6 0 0 6 207.9681 558.2755 Tm (12)Tj 8 0 0 8 216.9681 554.2955 Tm -0.0001 Tc (/l\))Tj -6.7074 -1.7815 TD 0.025 Tw [(Day 21)-2449.3(Day 42)-3888.9(Day 21)-2429.1(Day 42)-4278(Day 21)-3014.5(Day 42)]TJ -10.3821 -1.9232 TD [(Jackets \(n=30\) )-2988.5(11.2)]TJ 6 0 0 6 172.4678 528.6377 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 175.6524 524.6577 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(0.3)-1239.1(11.3)]TJ 6 0 0 6 216.2263 528.6377 Tm 0 Tc (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 219.4108 524.6577 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(0.2)-2428.7(34.0)]TJ 6 0 0 6 269.5019 528.6377 Tm 0 Tc (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 272.6864 524.6577 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(0.83)-938.6(32.1)]TJ 6 0 0 6 314.8562 528.6377 Tm 0 Tc (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 318.0408 524.6577 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(0.70)-2533(12.1)]TJ 6 0 0 6 372.9664 528.6377 Tm 0 Tc (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 376.151 524.6577 Tm [(0.29)-1292.8(11.6)]TJ 6 0 0 6 421.1554 528.6377 Tm (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 424.34 524.6577 Tm -0.0001 Tc (0.26)Tj -43.011 -1.4272 TD 0.025 Tw [(No jackets \(n=30\))-1846.9(11.2)]TJ 6 0 0 6 172.4678 517.2203 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 175.6524 513.2403 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(0.3)-1239.1(11.3)]TJ 6 0 0 6 216.2263 517.2203 Tm 0 Tc (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 219.4108 513.2403 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(0.2)-2428.7(33.5)]TJ 6 0 0 6 269.5019 517.2203 Tm 0 Tc (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 272.6864 513.2403 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(0.75)-938.6(32.1)]TJ 6 0 0 6 314.8562 517.2203 Tm 0 Tc (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 318.0408 513.2403 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(0.52)-2533(12.0)]TJ 6 0 0 6 372.9664 517.2203 Tm 0 Tc (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 376.151 513.2403 Tm [(0.31)-1292.8(11.7)]TJ 6 0 0 6 421.1554 517.2203 Tm (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 424.34 513.2403 Tm -0.0001 Tc (0.22)Tj -43.011 -1.4272 TD 0.025 Tw [(Indoors \(n=30\))-3040(10.5)]TJ 6 0 0 6 172.5814 505.803 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (a)Tj 8 0 0 8 175.5389 501.823 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(0.2)-1267.4(10.2)]TJ 6 0 0 6 216.3398 505.803 Tm 0 Tc (a)Tj 8 0 0 8 219.2973 501.823 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(0.2)-2457.1(30.4)]TJ 6 0 0 6 269.6154 505.803 Tm 0 Tc (a)Tj 8 0 0 8 272.5729 501.823 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(1.19)-966.9(28.3)]TJ 6 0 0 6 314.9697 505.803 Tm 0 Tc (a)Tj 8 0 0 8 317.9272 501.823 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(0.77)-2561.4(10.9)]TJ 6 0 0 6 373.08 505.803 Tm 0 Tc (a)Tj 8 0 0 8 376.0375 501.823 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(0.39)-1321.3(10.3)]TJ 6 0 0 6 421.2689 505.803 Tm 0 Tc (a)Tj 8 0 0 8 424.2264 501.823 Tm -0.0001 Tc (0.27)Tj 6 0 0 6 80.252 488.9998 Tm -0.0002 Tc (a,b)Tj 8 0 0 8 87.8941 485.0199 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(W)36.9(ithin columns means not having a common superscript differ significantly \(P<0.01\).)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d 79.252 574.236 m 447.756 574.236 l 253.934 549.996 m 341.839 549.996 l 79.253 535.982 m 447.757 535.982 l 79.252 496.188 m 447.756 496.188 l 355.726 549.996 m 447.756 549.996 l 153.674 549.996 m 240.642 549.996 l S 0 0 0 0 k 79.411 50.168 368.345 177.735 re f BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 80.4114 221.1274 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.137 Tw [(T)96.9(able 2. Incidence and treatment of respiratory disease and enteric disease in calves reared indoors or )]TJ 15.9243 -1.25 TD 0.025 Tw (outdoors with or without jackets)Tj /F2 1 Tf -15.9243 -2.2775 TD [(Disease and number of treatments )-14296.2(Experimental group)]TJ 0 -1.0856 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (given)Tj 26.3035 -0.625 TD [(Outdoors)-8339.4(Indoors)]TJ -3.0465 -1.7815 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(Jackets)-3286.1(No jackets)]TJ /F3 1 Tf -23.257 -1.9587 TD [(R)18.8(espiratory disease)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 3.7125 -1.25 TD 20.4782 Tc 0 Tw [(04)13891.6(3)12336.8(1)]TJ T* 0 Tc [(1)-20478.2(8)-6199.1(11)-8028.9(0)]TJ /F5 1 Tf -0.5494 -1.6043 TD ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.5488 0 TD 20.0439 Tc [(21)20043.9(8)]TJ 6 0 0 6 282.4579 120.446 Tm 0 Tc (a)Tj 8 0 0 8 331.1508 116.466 Tm (16)Tj 6 0 0 6 339.1508 120.446 Tm (a)Tj 8 0 0 8 400.1688 116.466 Tm (29)Tj 6 0 0 6 408.1688 120.446 Tm (b)Tj /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 80.4114 100.7967 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (Enteric disease)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.7125 -1.25 TD 20.0906 Tc 0 Tw [(01)20090.6(3)14004(1)20090.6(3)12586.7(2)20090.6(3)]TJ T* 20.6157 Tc [(15)14029.1(5)12611.8(0)]TJ /F5 1 Tf -0.5494 -1.25 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.5488 0 TD 20.0439 Tc [(21)20043.9(2)]TJ 6 0 0 6 282.4579 74.7767 Tm 0 Tc (a)Tj 8 0 0 8 332.2508 70.7967 Tm (12)Tj 6 0 0 6 340.2508 74.7767 Tm (a)Tj 8 0 0 8 403.2688 70.7967 Tm (7)Tj 6 0 0 6 407.2688 74.7767 Tm (b)Tj -54.4762 -2.8478 TD -0.0002 Tc (a,b)Tj 8 0 0 8 88.0535 53.7101 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(V)129.9(alues, within rows, without a common superscript are significantly different \(P<0.01\).)]TJ ET 79.252 160.499 m 447.757 160.499 l 258.491 188.675 m 447.756 188.675 l 258.554 174.672 m 361.477 174.672 l 79.252 64.819 m 447.272 64.819 l 79.252 202.759 m 447.756 202.759 l S Q endstream endobj 30 0 obj<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 32 0 obj<>stream q 1 i -0.11801 680.157 510.236 -680.314 re 0 680 m W n 0 680.34 510.24 -680.34 re W n 0 0 0 0 k /GS2 gs 62.244 44.209 368.504 565.082 re f BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 128.6504 601.0721 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Discussion)Tj /F2 1 Tf -6.5406 -1.2 TD 0.0104 Tc 0.3595 Tw (Calf performance traits, such as live-)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.0974 Tw (weight gain and ADFI, are useful indica-)Tj T* 0.2446 Tw (tors of the balance between the animal )Tj T* 0.0463 Tw (and its environment \(Curtis, 1987\). In the)Tj T* 0.3039 Tw (present study there were no significant )Tj T* 0.0149 Tc 0.6037 Tw (differences between treatments with)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.0845 Tw (respect to live-weight gain or ADFI from)Tj T* 0.0577 Tw (day 0 to day 63 of the study. When calves)Tj T* 0.2728 Tw (are housed indoors the occurrence and)Tj T* 0.0947 Tw (spread of disease usually increases \(Kelly)Tj /F3 1 Tf T* -0.0263 Tw (et al)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.6702 0 TD [(., 1984\). Arave, Mickelsen and W)110.6(alters)]TJ -1.6702 -1.2 TD 0.0149 Tc 0.4525 Tw (\(1985\) evaluated the effects of four )Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.0157 Tw (rearing treatments using heifer calves that)Tj T* 0.0019 Tw (were assigned to the following treatments:)Tj T* 0.1614 Tw (groups of six, individual hutch, isolation,)Tj T* 0.3299 Tw (and isolation with handling. They con-)Tj T* 0.1663 Tw (cluded that there were no differences in )Tj T* 0.1989 Tw (weaning weight or average daily gain to)Tj T* 0 Tw (weaning. )Tj 1.0001 -1.228 TD 0.2991 Tw (Other workers have reported varying)Tj -1.0001 -1.228 TD 0.1341 Tw (incidences of enteric and respiratory dis-)Tj T* 0.2799 Tw (ease in calves. Blom \(1982\) reported a)Tj T* 0.0636 Tw (10.3% incidence of enteritis but a consid-)Tj T* 0.05 Tw (erably higher incidence of respiratory dis-)Tj T* 0.2501 Tw (ease \(44.0%\) in calves in Denmark. By)Tj T* 0.2904 Tw [(contrast, P)36.7(erez )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 7.0652 0 TD (et al)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.9868 0 TD [(. \(1990\) and W)82.6(ells,)]TJ -9.0521 -1.228 TD 0.09 Tw (Garber and Hill \(1996\), reported a lower)Tj T* 0.3102 Tw (incidence of respiratory disease \(5.8 to)Tj T* -0.0133 Tw (8.4%\), but a higher incidence of diarrhoea)Tj T* -0.0071 Tc -0.0305 Tw (\(24.6%\) in dairy calves in The Netherlands)Tj T* 0.0149 Tc 0.3568 Tw [(and US)27.7(A, respectively. W)110.7(altner-)110.7(T)147.9(oews )]TJ /F3 1 Tf T* -0.0051 Tc 0.1376 Tw (et al.)Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.4618 0 TD 0.1377 Tw (\(1986b\), Gardner )Tj /F3 1 Tf 7.8937 0 TD 0.1376 Tw (et al.)Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.4618 0 TD 0.1377 Tw (\(1990\), and)Tj -12.8173 -1.228 TD 0 Tw [(V)36.9(irtala )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 3.4674 0 TD 0.2879 Tw (et al)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.9844 0 TD (. \(1996\) also reported inci-)Tj -5.4518 -1.228 TD 0.2992 Tw (dences of diarrhoea \(20.5%, 0.12 cases )Tj T* 0.2492 Tw (per calf-month at risk, and 28.8%\) and )Tj T* 0.3666 Tw (respiratory disease \(15.4%, 0.077 cases )Tj T* -0.0049 Tc 0.3748 Tw (per calf-month at risk, and 25.6%\) in)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.2157 Tw (calves from Ontario, Canada, California)Tj T* 0.057 Tw [(and New Y)124.8(ork, US)27.7(A, respectively. Olsson)]TJ /F3 1 Tf T* 0.028 Tw (et al.)Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.2424 0 TD (\(1993\) reported a very low incidence)Tj -2.2424 -1.228 TD -0.0066 Tc -0.0357 Tw (\(0.8%\) of respiratory disease; considerably)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.128 Tw (lower than the percentages we found for)Tj T* 0.0846 Tw (calves treated, on two or more occasions,)Tj T* 0.0019 Tc 0.368 Tw (with antibiotics for respiratory disease )Tj T* -0.0033 Tc 0.0242 Tw [(\(I, 96%; J, 60% and)-273.4(NJ, 53%\). )]TJ 19.8922 54.728 TD -0.0051 Tc -0.0086 Tw [(L)-18.8(ow serum Ig concentrations due to the)]TJ -1.0001 -1.214 TD 0.0727 Tw (breakdown of passively acquired antibod-)Tj T* 0.0564 Tw (ies in calves over 1-month-old can predis-)Tj T* 0.0343 Tw (pose calves to respiratory disease. Corbeil)Tj /F3 1 Tf T* 0.1388 Tw (et al.)Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.464 0 TD (\(1984\) correlated Ig concentrations)Tj -2.464 -1.214 TD 0.0707 Tw (in serum and in nasal secretions of calves)Tj T* 0.0033 Tc 0.3666 Tw (with pneumonia and diarrhoea during )Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.3708 Tw (the first 12 weeks of life. The results)Tj T* 0.0263 Tw (showed that the peak onset of pneumonia)Tj T* 0.1925 Tw (occurred between 2 and 4 weeks of age)Tj T* 0.0556 Tw (when the serum IgG)Tj 6 0 0 6 339.8314 477.6921 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 342.8014 479.6721 Tm -0.0051 Tc 0.0556 Tw (, IgG)Tj 6 0 0 6 364.8924 477.6921 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj 10 0 0 10 367.8624 479.6721 Tm -0.0051 Tc 0.0556 Tw (, and IgA con-)Tj -11.5697 -1.214 TD 0.0964 Tw (centrations were lowest. As IgG)Tj 6 0 0 6 390.2405 465.5521 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj 10 0 0 10 396.625 467.5321 Tm -0.0051 Tc (concen-)Tj -14.446 -1.214 TD 0.1155 Tw (tration increased, fewer calves developed)Tj T* -0.0226 Tw (pneumonia. The peak onset of pneumonia)Tj T* 0.2112 Tw (was also correlated with the lowest IgG)Tj T* 0.3298 Tw (and IgA concentrations in nasal secre-)Tj T* 0.1692 Tw (tions. Most calves developed pneumonia)Tj T* 0.1223 Tw (when serum concentrations of IgG)Tj 6 0 0 6 402.7913 392.7121 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 409.4341 394.6921 Tm -0.0052 Tc (were)Tj -15.7269 -1.214 TD 0.1184 Tw (less than 1.5 g/dl, IgG)Tj 6 0 0 6 347.764 380.5721 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj 10 0 0 10 354.3682 382.5521 Tm -0.0051 Tc 0.1184 Tw (less than 0.3 g/dl,)Tj -10.2203 -1.214 TD 0.1189 Tw (IgA less than 0.1 g/dl, and IgM less than)Tj T* 0.0971 Tw (0.2 g/dl and when the combined IgG and )Tj T* 0.2204 Tw (IgA values in nasal secretions were less)Tj T* 0.2022 Tw (than 0.2 mg of Ig/mg of protein. In the)Tj T* 0.2024 Tw (present study, outdoor rearing, irrespec-)Tj T* 0.3696 Tw (tive of calf jacket, and indoor rearing )Tj T* 0.1274 Tw (of young dairy calves had no suppressive)Tj T* -0.0014 Tc 0.3713 Tw (effect on the development of the hu-)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.1516 Tw (moral immune or cell mediated immune )Tj T* 0 Tw (responses.)Tj 1.0001 -1.299 TD 0.0148 Tc (Chang )Tj /F3 1 Tf 3.7298 0 TD 0.6056 Tw (et al.)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.5377 0 TD (\(1996\) reported an)Tj -8.2676 -1.214 TD -0.0051 Tc 0.2765 Tw (enhanced humoral immune response in)Tj T* -0.0027 Tc 0.3726 Tw (stressed calves following market trans-)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.2906 Tw (port, but its enhancement was antigen-)Tj T* 0.3283 Tw (dependent and variable. Assessment of)Tj T* 0.0014 Tc 0.3685 Tw (immune function is a useful indicator )Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.2131 Tw (of cattle welfare \(Amadori )Tj /F3 1 Tf 12.2928 0 TD 0.213 Tw (et al)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.9095 0 TD -0.005 Tc (., 1997\),)Tj -14.2023 -1.214 TD -0.0051 Tc -0.0167 Tw (and the establishment of protective immu-)Tj T* 0.1984 Tw (nity depends critically on IFN-)Tj /F5 1 Tf 13.5998 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.8493 0 TD -0.0051 Tc (produc-)Tj -14.4491 -1.214 TD 0.2807 Tw (tion \(Arad, Nussinovich and Kaempfer,)Tj T* 0.1545 Tw (1995; Johnson, 1997\). IFN-)Tj /F5 1 Tf 11.8927 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.8053 0 TD -0.0051 Tc 0.1544 Tw (is produced)Tj -12.698 -1.214 TD 0.2598 Tw (by activated T lymphocytes and natural)Tj T* 0.204 Tw (killer \(NK\) cells in response to antigen.)Tj T* 0.0754 Tw (Most studies demonstrating reduced lym-)Tj T* -0.0019 Tc 0.3718 Tw (phocyte function in response to stress)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.2933 Tw (have used mitogens to produce a non-)Tj T* 0.127 Tw (specific lymphocyte stimulation. Outdoor)Tj ET 0 0 0 0 k 62.244 617.923 368.504 12.342 re f BT 8 0 0 8 125.7023 623.4898 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (EARLEY )Tj /F3 1 Tf 4.6139 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(ET AL)-8.9(.)]TJ /F2 1 Tf 3.1925 0 TD -0.0002 Tc [(:)-275.1(CALF REARING CONDITIONS AND HEAL)92.6(TH)-6535.3(6)14.8(5)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 33 0 obj<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 35 0 obj<>stream q 1 i -0.11801 680.157 510.236 -680.314 re 0 680 m W n 0 680.34 510.24 -680.34 re W n 0 0 0 0 k /GS2 gs 79.252 47.368 368.504 561.923 re f BT /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 80.252 601.0721 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0051 Tc 0.0016 Tw (and indoor rearing of calves in the current)Tj 0 -1.214 TD 0.2641 Tw (study did not impair the )Tj /F3 1 Tf 11.6404 0 TD (in vitro)Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.6276 0 TD 0 Tw (IFN-)Tj /F5 1 Tf 2.0794 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F2 1 Tf -17.3474 -1.214 TD -0.0051 Tc 0.216 Tw (production in response to both mitogen)Tj T* 0.1536 Tw [(\(CON-)36.7(A\) and the antigen KLH, indicat-)]TJ T* 0.0149 Tc 0.5583 Tw (ing that immune response was not )Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0 Tw (suppressed. )Tj 1.0001 -1.3517 TD 0.1759 Tw (Jang \(1986\) reported that the average)Tj -1.0001 -1.21 TD 0.0779 Tw (Hb concentrations in both beef and dairy)Tj T* 0.1539 Tw (calves \(3 to 16 weeks old\) was 11.3 g/dl.)Tj T* 0.0904 Tw (The lower concentrations of Hb detected)Tj T* 0.3738 Tw (in the indoor calves did not result in)Tj T* -0.0006 Tc 0.3705 Tw (appetite suppression. Interference with)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.106 Tw (synthesis or release of Hb, production or)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1737 Tw (survival of RBC, or metabolism has the)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (potential to cause disease.)Tj 1.0001 -1.3517 TD 0.0383 Tw (It is concluded that, rearing calves out-)Tj -1.0001 -1.21 TD 0.0564 Tw (doors using calf jackets had no beneficial)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (effect on calf performance.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 137.781 369.5815 Tm 0.0049 Tc 0 Tw (Acknowledgement)Tj /F2 1 Tf -7.1911 -1.25 TD 0.0249 Tc 0.5406 Tw (This research was part-funded by the Irish)Tj T* 0.0235 Tc 0.3564 Tw (Government under the National Development )Tj T* 0.005 Tc 0.025 Tw (Plan, 2000-2006.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 8.7487 -2.6673 TD 0 Tw [(R)18.8(eferences)]TJ /F2 1 Tf -8.7487 -1.275 TD 0 Tc -0.0351 Tw [(Amadori, M., Archetti, I.L., F)36.9(rasnelli, M., Bagni, M.,)]TJ 1.4173 -1.275 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.092 Tw [(Olzi, E., Caronna, G. and L)-18.9(anteri, M. 1997. An)]TJ T* 0.0199 Tc 0.4956 Tw (immunological approach to the evaluation )Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(of Holstein F)36.8(riesian cattle. )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 12.065 0 TD [(Journal of V)105.9(eterinary)]TJ -12.065 -1.275 TD 0 Tw (Medicine)Tj /F1 1 Tf 4.0504 0 TD 0 Tc (44:)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.548 0 TD (321327.)Tj -7.0157 -1.275 TD -0.0051 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(Andrighetto I., Gottardo, F)129.7(., Andreoli, D. and Cozzi,)]TJ 1.4173 -1.275 TD 0.0149 Tc 0.6551 Tw (G. 1999. Effect of type of housing on )Tj T* -0.003 Tc 0.3729 Tw (veal calf growth performance, behaviour and)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.3212 Tw (meat quality. )Tj /F3 1 Tf 6.3562 0 TD (Livestock Production Science)Tj /F1 1 Tf 13.1613 0 TD -0.005 Tc 0 Tw (57:)Tj /F2 1 Tf -19.5176 -1.275 TD (137145.)Tj -1.4173 -1.275 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.123 Tw (Arad, G., Nussinovich, R. and Kaempfer, R. 1995.)Tj 1.4173 -1.275 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.4242 Tw (Interleukin-2 induces an early step in the )Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0519 Tw (activation of interferon-gamma gene expression.)Tj /F3 1 Tf T* 0.025 Tw (Immunology Letters)Tj /F1 1 Tf 8.5473 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (44:)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.5479 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (213 \(Abstract\).)Tj -11.5126 -1.275 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.3744 Tw [(Arave, C.W)147.8(., Mickelsen, C.H. and W)110.7(alters, J.L. )]TJ 1.4173 -1.275 TD 0.0123 Tc 0.3626 Tw (1985. Effect of early rearing experience on )Tj T* 0.0199 Tc 0.846 Tw (subsequent behavior and production of )Tj T* 0.5269 Tw (Holstein heifers. )Tj /F3 1 Tf 8.7251 0 TD (Journal of Dairy Science)Tj /F1 1 Tf -8.7251 -1.275 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (68)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (\(4\))Tj /F1 1 Tf 1.2656 0 TD 0 Tc (:)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.548 0 TD (923929. )Tj -4.2309 -1.275 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1997 Tw (Blom, J.Y. 1982. The relationship between serum)Tj 1.4173 -1.275 TD 0.1854 Tw (immunoglobulin values and incidence of respi-)Tj T* 0.0942 Tw (ratory disease and enteritis in calves. 1: )Tj /F3 1 Tf 17.5144 0 TD 0 Tw (Nordisk )Tj -17.5144 -1.275 TD (veterinaermedicin)Tj /F2 1 Tf 7.2722 0 TD 0 Tc (. )Tj /F1 1 Tf 0.525 0 TD (34:)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.5479 0 TD (276281.)Tj -10.7625 -1.275 TD -0.0051 Tc -0.0099 Tw (Chang, G.X., Mallard, B.A., Mowat, D.N. and Gallo,)Tj 1.4173 -1.275 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.3693 Tw [(G.F)129.8(. 1996. Effect of supplemental chromium )]TJ T* 0.0149 Tc 0.7368 Tw (on antibody responses of newly arrived )Tj 23.6152 68.6841 TD 0.5918 Tw (feeder calves to vaccines and ovalbumin.)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 -1.275 TD 0.3721 Tw [(Canadian Journal of V)105.9(eterinary R)18.7(esearch)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 19.4776 0 TD 0 Tw (60:)Tj /F2 1 Tf -19.4776 -1.275 TD -0.005 Tc (140144. )Tj -1.4173 -1.27 TD 0.0049 Tc 0.0231 Tw [(Corbeil, L.B., W)110.8(att, B., Corbeil, R.R., Betzen, T)148(.G.,)]TJ 1.4173 -1.27 TD 0.0249 Tc 0.6589 Tw (Brownson, R.K. and Morrill, J.L. 1984.)Tj T* 0.0049 Tc 0.2768 Tw (Immunoglobulin concentrations in serum and)Tj T* 0.1083 Tw (nasal secretions of calves at the onset of pneu-)Tj T* 0 Tw (monia. )Tj /F3 1 Tf 3.352 0 TD 0.1366 Tw [(American Journal of V)105.9(eterinary R)18.7(e)0.1(search)]TJ /F1 1 Tf -3.352 -1.27 TD 0 Tw (45)Tj /F2 1 Tf 1.01 0 TD (\(4\))Tj /F1 1 Tf 1.2806 0 TD 0 Tc (:)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0.5579 0 TD 0.005 Tc (773778. )Tj -4.2659 -1.27 TD 0.2602 Tw (Curtis, S.E. 1987. 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