%PDF-1.3 % 2 0 obj <>stream /GS2 gs BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 249.118 42.482 Tm /Cs8 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (209)Tj /F2 1 Tf -22.3336 68.0124 TD .0249 Tw [(Irish Journal of Agricultural and F)65(ood R)19(esearch)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 19.6897 0 TD 0 Tw ( )Tj /F3 1 Tf .275 0 TD (52:)Tj /F1 1 Tf 1.273 0 TD .025 Tw [( 209216, 2013)]TJ ET /Cs8 CS 1 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 4 M [] 0 d /GS3 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 69.779 82.162 cm 0 0 m 371.008 0 l S Q BT 8 0 0 8 69.4488 73.78 Tm [(Corresponding author: Bernadette OBrien, T)148(el.: +353 25 42274; F)74(ax: +353 25 42340; )]TJ 0 -1.25 TD (E-mail: bernadette.obrien@teagasc.ie)Tj /F3 1 Tf 18 0 0 18 140.307 501.576 Tm (Iodine concentrations in milk)Tj /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 166.069 461.813 Tm (B. OBrien)Tj 7 0 0 7 212.569 465.113 Tm 0 Tw (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 219.569 461.813 Tm .025 Tw (, D. Gleeson)Tj 7 0 0 7 273.588 465.113 Tm 0 Tw (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 277.088 461.813 Tm .025 Tw [( and K. Jordan)]TJ 7 0 0 7 340.667 465.113 Tm 0 Tw (2)Tj /F2 1 Tf 5.6 0 0 5.6 83.3267 454.453 Tm (1)Tj 8 0 0 8 86.1267 451.813 Tm [(T)116(eagasc)]TJ 5.6 0 0 5.6 111.686 454.453 Tm ( )Tj 8 0 0 8 113.226 451.813 Tm .0249 Tw [(Animal and Grassland R)19(esearch and Innovation Centre, Moorepark F)65(ermoy)42(, Co. Cork, Ireland)]TJ 5.6 0 0 5.6 137.916 444.453 Tm 0 Tw (2)Tj 8 0 0 8 140.716 441.813 Tm .025 Tw [(T)116(eagasc F)65(ood R)19(esearch Centre, Moorepark, F)65(ermoy)42(, Co. Cork, Ireland)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 69.4488 400.049 Tm .1593 Tw (Iodine tends to be supplemented at farm level in the expectation of increasing cow )Tj 0 -1.2 TD -.019 Tw [(health and fertility)97.1(. There is concern that such practices may result in high milk iodine, )]TJ T* .0091 Tw (which could affect ingredients for )Tj 14.6282 0 TD .016 Tc .0093 Tw (infant formula )Tj 6.7965 0 TD 0 Tc (and, thus, dairy export markets. The )Tj -21.4247 -1.2 TD -.0339 Tw (objective of this study was to quantify the effect of iodine fortified feed and teat disinfec-)Tj T* -.0328 Tw (tion practices of dairy cows on milk iodine concentration. Thirty lactating cows were fed )Tj T* .067 Tw (7 kg, 3 kg \(10 mg iodine/kg\) and 0 kg of concentrate feed during 3 periods of 35 days )Tj T* .0732 Tw (each. During the first 14 days of each period, cows were on dietary iodine treatments )Tj T* .0058 Tw (only; during days 1521, one of three teat disinfection treatments \(n = 10\) was applied )Tj T* .0115 Tw (\(in addition to the dietary iodine treatments\): non-iodine \(chlorhexidine\) post-milking )Tj T* .0873 Tw (spray; 0.5% iodine spray post-milking; 0.5% iodine spray pre- and post-milking. Cow )Tj T* .0488 Tw [(milk yield was 21.3 kg/day)97.1(. Individual cow milk samples were analysed for iodine con-)]TJ T* .0655 Tw (centration on 2 days at the end of each treatment period. Dietary supplementation of )Tj T* .0829 Tw [(iodine at both 30 mg and 70 mg/day)97.1(, when compared to the diet with no supplement, )]TJ T* .1032 Tw (increased milk iodine concentrations significantly \(P < 0.001\) from 449 to 1034 and )Tj T* 0 Tw (915 )Tj ET q 510.236 680.315 -510.236 -680.315 re 0 680.315 m W n BT /F4 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 88.578 232.049 Tm 2 Tr .4 w ()Tj ET Q BT 10 0 0 10 94.3379 232.049 Tm .1628 Tw [(g/kg, respectively)97.1(. T)97(eat disinfection both pre- and post-milking increased milk )]TJ -2.4889 -1.2 TD .0455 Tw (iodine concentration at each of the dietary supplementation levels of 0, 30 and 70 mg/)Tj T* .1823 Tw (day compared with a non-iodine teat disinfectant \(P < 0.001\). In conclusion, both )Tj T* .0196 Tw (dietary iodine supplementation and teat disinfection iodine increased milk iodine con-)Tj T* .109 Tw [(centrations in an additive manner)93.1(, exceeding common target values of 250 )]TJ ET q 510.236 680.315 -510.236 -680.315 re 0 680.315 m W n BT /F4 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 400.377 184.049 Tm 2 Tr .4 w 0 Tw ()Tj ET Q BT 10 0 0 10 406.137 184.049 Tm (g/kg. As )Tj -33.6688 -1.2 TD .0482 Tw (both iodine treatments can occur simultaneously on farm, supplementation strategies )Tj T* .0249 Tw (should be monitored.)Tj /F2 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 69.4488 140.128 Tm 0 Tw [(K)19(eywords)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 3.9039 0 TD .025 Tw (: dietary supplementation; iodine; milk; teat disinfection)Tj ET endstream endobj 3 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ColorSpace<>>> endobj 12 0 obj <>stream hު6PA]CZ.&~ endstream endobj 10 0 obj [/Separation/Black/DeviceCMYK 12 0 R] endobj 14 0 obj <>stream /GS2 gs BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 70.4488 634.5728 Tm /Cs8 cs 1 scn 0 Tc .025 Tw [(210 )-225( )-725( )-725( )-225( )-385(IRISH JOURNAL OF A)28(GRICUL)93(TUR)37(AL AND FOOD RESEAR)56(CH, V)19(OL. 52, NO. 2, 2013)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 131.919 608.8954 Tm 0 Tw (Introduction)Tj /F1 1 Tf -6.247 -1.2 TD .2459 Tw (Iodine is an essential trace element for )Tj T* -.0006 Tw (humans and animals. Iodine is incorporat-)Tj T* .0511 Tw (ed into the thyroid hormones, which have )Tj T* .1661 Tw (multiple functions as cell activity regula-)Tj T* -.0538 Tw (tors. Iodine deficiency affects reproductive )Tj T* .1126 Tw (capacity, brain development and progeny )Tj T* .3261 Tw (as well as growth. The iodine require-)Tj T* .003 Tc .3751 Tw (ment of humans depends on age and )Tj T* 0 Tc .0204 Tw (physiological state, and the recommended )Tj T* .2161 Tw (intake levels vary depending on the sci-)Tj T* .1296 Tw [(entific group, for example, US F)37(ood and )]TJ T* .1601 Tw (Nutrition Board \(2001\) and the German )Tj T* .0819 Tw [(nutritional reference point \(D)37(A)28(CH 2000\) )]TJ T* .1756 Tw (recommend 150 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 7.4436 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .576 0 TD .1757 Tw (g/day and 180200 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 8.6114 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .5759 0 TD (g/)Tj -17.2069 -1.2 TD .0537 Tw (day for adults, respectively, while the cor-)Tj T* .0132 Tw (responding recommendations for children )Tj T* .0074 Tc .375 Tw (up to 1 year old are 110130 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 15.1078 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .5834 0 TD .0074 Tc [(g/day)7.4( )]TJ -15.6912 -1.2 TD 0 Tc .1607 Tw (and 4080 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 4.9095 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .576 0 TD .1607 Tw [(g/day. R)37(ecommended iodine )]TJ -5.4855 -1.2 TD .3556 Tw (intake for animals has also been pub-)Tj T* .1965 Tw (lished, with the GfE German Society of )Tj T* .0023 Tw (Nutrition & Physiology \(2006\) and the US )Tj T* .3077 Tw [(National R)37(esearch Council \(2001\) both )]TJ T* .3089 Tw (recommending 0.5 mg of iodine/kg dry )Tj T* -.0175 Tw (matter \(DM\) intake/day, or approximately )Tj T* .3623 Tw (1012 mg of iodine/cow/day. Milk and )Tj T* .2351 Tw (dairy products are important sources of )Tj T* .0116 Tw (iodine. But excess iodine intake by cows is )Tj T* .0057 Tw (secreted into milk \(and excreted in urine\), )Tj T* .1018 Tw (and can be consumed by humans. This is )Tj T* .1287 Tw (important as the tolerable upper level of )Tj T* .2027 Tw (iodine is only ~3 times higher than the )Tj T* .16 Tw (adult requirement \(200 )Tj /F2 1 Tf 10.6074 0 TD 0 Tw (vs)Tj /F1 1 Tf .812 0 TD .1602 Tw (. 600 mg/day )Tj -11.4194 -1.2 TD .1502 Tw (European Commission 2002\). Therefore, )Tj T* .0249 Tw (milk iodine levels need to be monitored.)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD .01 Tc .1614 Tw [(Iodine is frequently used as a dietary)10( )]TJ -1.0001 -1.2 TD .1875 Tw (supplement to dairy cows in the expec-)Tj T* .1509 Tw (tation of increasing cow health and fer-)Tj T* .291 Tw [(tility, and is therefore routinely added)10( )]TJ T* .194 Tw [(to feed concentrate at varying levels of)10( )]TJ T* .0201 Tc .38 Tw [(510 mg/kg. Specifically, in the Irish)20.1( )]TJ T* .0106 Tc .375 Tw [(scenario, R)37(ogers \(2003\) recommended)10.6( )]TJ T* .01 Tc .2523 Tw [(iodine supplementation levels of 1260)10( )]TJ T* .1232 Tw (mg of iodine/cow/day to counteract pre-)Tj T* .0216 Tc .4309 Tw [(viously recorded deficiencies \(R)37(ogers)21.6( )]TJ T* .01 Tc .1926 Tw [(1999\). T)148(eat disinfection with iodine has)10( )]TJ 19.1669 53.9741 TD .0792 Tw (been shown to reduce the mastitis infec-)Tj 0 -1.2 TD .1938 Tw [(tion rate \(Galton, P)37(eterson and Merrill)10( )]TJ T* -.0045 Tw (1988\) and, thus, is used as a routine prac-)Tj T* .2274 Tw [(tice on-farm post-milking, and in some)10( )]TJ T* .1859 Tw [(instances is used as part of pre-milking)10( )]TJ T* .025 Tw (teat preparation.)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD .0049 Tc .2619 Tw (The seasonal milk production system )Tj -1.0001 -1.2 TD .3359 Tw (in Ireland may exacerbate milk iodine )Tj T* .0099 Tc .375 Tw [(concentrations due to cows being fed)9.9( )]TJ T* .0049 Tc .1208 Tw (supplementary concentrate fortified with )Tj T* .3452 Tw (iodine, in addition to teat disinfection )Tj T* .2274 Tw (with iodine. This is of most concern at )Tj T* .2404 Tw (specific times, e.g. early and late lacta-)Tj T* .1833 Tw (tion and during winter milk production. )Tj T* .1439 Tw (The most recent measurement of iodine )Tj T* .227 Tw (in the Irish spring milk production sys-)Tj T* .3557 Tw (tem recorded an average of 227 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 15.974 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .581 0 TD .0033 Tc (g/L )Tj -16.555 -1.2 TD .005 Tc (\(OBrien)Tj /F3 1 Tf 3.865 0 TD 0 Tc (,)Tj /F1 1 Tf .255 0 TD .0048 Tc .0154 Tw [( Mehra and Connolly 1999\), but )]TJ -4.12 -1.2 TD .005 Tc .141 Tw (concentrations of 510 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 9.946 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .581 0 TD .005 Tc .141 Tw (g/kg and 180 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 6.094 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .581 0 TD .005 Tc (g/)Tj -17.202 -1.2 TD -.0327 Tw (kg were recorded for December and June, )Tj T* 0 Tw (respectively.)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD .3018 Tw (Ireland is a major producer, proces-)Tj -1.0001 -1.2 TD .0053 Tc .375 Tw (sor and exporter of milk \()Tj /F5 1 Tf 12.9178 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .6058 0 TD .0053 Tc .375 Tw [(2.2 bn in)5.3( )]TJ -13.5236 -1.2 TD .0049 Tc .3587 Tw [(2008\). T)147.9(o)-.1( protect this market, caution )]TJ T* .008 Tw (needs to be exercised with respect to milk )Tj T* -.002 Tw (iodine levels. Ireland is one of the leading )Tj T* .0892 Tw (infant formula manufacturers worldwide. )Tj T* .236 Tw (The limit for iodine in milk powder as )Tj T* .2686 Tw (an ingredient in infant feed formula is )Tj T* 0 Tw (130 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 2.0089 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .581 0 TD .0048 Tc .2391 Tw (g iodine/100 g powder; the target )Tj -2.5899 -1.2 TD .005 Tc .1296 Tw (or preferred limit is 100 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 11.1319 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .581 0 TD .0043 Tc .1303 Tw (g iodine/100 g )Tj -11.7129 -1.2 TD .005 Tc .0787 Tw (powder. This equates to <250 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 13.5754 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .581 0 TD .005 Tc .0787 Tw (g iodine/)Tj -14.1564 -1.2 TD .025 Tw (kg fresh milk.)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD .015 Tc .2444 Tw [(The objectives of this study were to)15( )]TJ -1.0001 -1.2 TD .0178 Tc .375 Tw [(quantify the effects of dietary iodine)17.8( )]TJ T* .02 Tc [(supplementation and teat disinfection)20( )]TJ T* .015 Tc .2928 Tw (with iodine on milk iodine concentra-)Tj T* .3629 Tw [(tions of dairy cows, in order to give)15( )]TJ T* .2298 Tw [(guidelines for farm practices regarding)15( )]TJ T* .025 Tw (iodine usage.)Tj /F3 1 Tf 3.9011 -3.5244 TD 0 Tc .0248 Tw (Materials and Methods)Tj /F2 1 Tf -3.9011 -1.2 TD (Pre-experimental cow selection)Tj /F1 1 Tf T* .005 Tc .2255 Tw [(A group of 40 Holstein F)37(riesian lactat-)]TJ T* .0788 Tw (ing dairy cows were segregated as a herd )Tj ET endstream endobj 15 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ColorSpace<>>> endobj 17 0 obj <>stream hު6PA]CZ.&~ endstream endobj 19 0 obj <>stream /GS2 gs BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 70.4488 634.5814 Tm /Cs8 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 8.5766 Tw [( OBRIEN )]TJ /F2 1 Tf 13.4605 0 TD .025 Tw [(ET AL)-9(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 3.193 0 TD [(: IODINE CONCENTR)37(A)93(TIONS IN MILK )-8641.7(211)]TJ 10 0 0 10 69.4488 608.6356 Tm .005 Tc .2859 Tw (and offered 7 kg concentrate \(contain-)Tj 0 -1.2 TD .0062 Tc .375 Tw [(ing 10 mg iodine/kg\) and silage. T)148(eat)6.2( )]TJ T* .015 Tc .3755 Tw [(preparation during this 12-day period)15( )]TJ T* .0097 Tc .375 Tw [(consisted of washing and drying cows)9.7( )]TJ T* .005 Tc .3055 Tw (pre-milking. These cows were teat dis-)Tj T* .0048 Tc .1849 Tw (infected post-milking by spraying with a )Tj T* .0056 Tc .375 Tw (non-iodine containing product \(chloro-)Tj T* .0049 Tc .1348 Tw (hexidine\). After 11 days, each individual )Tj T* .2771 Tw (cow was milk sampled at morning and )Tj T* .1137 Tw (evening milking of the same 24 h period )Tj T* .2685 Tw (\(am + pm\). The evening and morning )Tj T* .1967 Tw (milk samples were proportionally mixed )Tj T* .29 Tw (so as to represent milk from that cow )Tj T* .188 Tw (over a 24 h period. This procedure was )Tj T* .1076 Tw (repeated for a further 24 h period. Each )Tj T* .0611 Tw (of the 80 samples was split into duplicate )Tj T* .1399 Tw (samples. All samples were frozen imme-)Tj T* .2564 Tw (diately and analysed for iodine content )Tj T* .1658 Tw (within 1 week. These data were used to )Tj T* -.0197 Tw [(select 30 cows that )235.2(reacted similarly to the )]TJ T* .2438 Tw (treatment applied and had similar milk )Tj T* .025 Tw (iodine concentrations.)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0 -2.3339 TD 0 Tc .0247 Tw (Pre-experimental iodine depletion period )Tj 0 -1.2 TD (and randomisation of cows)Tj /F1 1 Tf T* -.0052 Tw (The 30 lactating cows selected had a mean )Tj T* .1036 Tw (calving date of 21 October, mean days in )Tj T* .1463 Tw (milk \(DIM\) of 104, and an average milk )Tj T* .2751 Tw (yield of 21.6 kg/cow/day at the start of )Tj T* .0558 Tw (the trial, and were managed as one group )Tj T* .2165 Tw (for the duration of this study. During a )Tj T* .1169 Tw (pre-experimental period of 12 days, cows )Tj T* .1373 Tw (received a diet of grass silage )Tj /F2 1 Tf 13.4399 0 TD .1374 Tw (ad lib)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.4524 0 TD [( + 7 )]TJ -15.8923 -1.2 TD .1336 Tw (kg fresh concentrate/cow/day, which con-)Tj T* .3164 Tw [(tained no added iodine \(T)148(able 1\). The )]TJ T* .0151 Tw (concentrate was offered at milking time: 4 )Tj T* -.0118 Tw (kg at morning and 3 kg at evening milking. )Tj T* .1475 Tw (During the last 2 days of the pre-experi-)Tj T* .0087 Tw (mental period \(days 11 and 12\), individual )Tj T* -.0062 Tw (cow milk samples were collected and anal-)Tj T* -.0345 Tw (ysed for iodine concentration. The 30 cows )Tj T* .158 Tw (were blocked into 10 blocks with 3 cows )Tj T* .1172 Tw (each \(one cow from each block was then )Tj T* .3136 Tw (randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment )Tj T* .1637 Tw (groups\) based on milk iodine concentra-)Tj T* .0249 Tw (tion and DIM.)Tj /F2 1 Tf 19.1338 53.9598 TD .0247 Tw (Experimental treatments)Tj /F1 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD .01 Tc .2685 Tw [(The cows were offered 7 kg and 3 kg)10( )]TJ T* .186 Tw [(\(both including 10 mg iodine/kg\) and 0)10( )]TJ T* .3502 Tw [(kg fresh concentrate during 3 periods)10( )]TJ T* .0821 Tw [(of 35 days each. During the first 14 days)10( )]TJ T* .3402 Tw [(of each period, cows were on one of)10( )]TJ T* .1723 Tw (the dietary iodine treatments only; dur-)Tj T* .2059 Tw [(ing days 1521, 1 of 3 teat disinfection)10( )]TJ T* .2864 Tw [(treatments was applied \(in addition to)10( )]TJ T* .3093 Tw [(the dietary iodine treatments\) to each)10( )]TJ T* .2715 Tw [(of 3 cow groups \(n = 10\): non-iodine)10( )]TJ T* .0367 Tc .9617 Tw [(\(chlorhexidine\) post-milking; 0.5%)36.7( )]TJ T* .01 Tc -.0291 Tw [(iodine post-milking; 0.5% iodine pre- and)10( )]TJ T* .2428 Tw [(post-milking. Cows received 12 \(P)37(eriod)10( )]TJ T* .2029 Tw [(1\) and 16 kg \(P)37(eriod 2\) DM silage/day)10( )]TJ T* .1315 Tw [(during the first 2 treatment periods and)10( )]TJ T* .0509 Tw [(18 kg DM grass/cow/day during the third)10( )]TJ T* .2541 Tw [(treatment period. T)148(eat disinfectant was)10( )]TJ T* .2366 Tw [(applied by spray and when pre-milking)10( )]TJ T* .0147 Tw [(disinfectant was applied, teats were dried)10( )]TJ T* .0183 Tc .375 Tw [(with individual paper towels prior to)18.3( )]TJ T* .01 Tc .2548 Tw (cluster attachment. Dietary supplemen-)Tj T* .1767 Tw [(tation and depletion periods of 14 days)10( )]TJ T* .0974 Tw [(were allowed, based on data reported in)10( )]TJ T* 0 Tw (Flachowsky )Tj /F2 1 Tf 5.2981 0 TD -.0028 Tw (et al)Tj /F1 1 Tf 1.7692 0 TD (. \(2007\) and Schne )Tj /F2 1 Tf 8.9136 0 TD (et al.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.0191 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj -18 -1.2 TD .01 Tc (\(2006\).)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD 0 Tc .1681 Tw (Individual cow milk samples were col-)Tj -1.0001 -1.2 TD .0823 Tw (lected on the last two days of each of the )Tj T* .2221 Tw (three trial periods \(n = 360\). Day milk )Tj T* .2219 Tw (samples represented aliquots of am and )Tj T* -.0232 Tw (pm milks where the am and pm milks were )Tj T* .2339 Tw (added proportionally according to yield. )Tj T* -.0006 Tw (Samples were then frozen at 20 C. Milks )Tj T* .3579 Tw (were analysed for iodine concentration )Tj T* .0959 Tw (by inductively coupled plasma mass spec-)Tj T* .2191 Tw (trometry within approximately 3 months )Tj T* .0249 Tw (of sample collection.)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD .0204 Tc .3887 Tw [(Statistical analysis of the data was)20.4( )]TJ -1.0001 -1.2 TD .01 Tc -.0316 Tw [(undertaken using S)28(A)19(S \(S)28(A)19(S)0( 2011\). As the)10( )]TJ T* -.0228 Tw [(dietary treatments were applied in turn in)10( )]TJ T* -.0491 Tw [(different periods, the dietary iodine effect)10( )]TJ T* .15 Tw [(was confounded with any other changes)10( )]TJ T* .1616 Tw [(from one period to the next. The other)10( )]TJ T* .2135 Tw [(constituent portions of the diet besides)10( )]TJ T* .2742 Tw [(concentrate were grass and silage. But)10( )]TJ T* -.0038 Tw [(the levels of iodine in grass and silage are)10( )]TJ ET endstream endobj 20 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ColorSpace<>>> endobj 21 0 obj <>stream hު6PA]CZ.&~ endstream endobj 23 0 obj <>stream /GS2 gs BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 70.4488 634.5728 Tm /Cs8 cs 1 scn 0 Tc .025 Tw [(212 )-225( )-725( )-725( )-225( )-385(IRISH JOURNAL OF A)28(GRICUL)93(TUR)37(AL AND FOOD RESEAR)56(CH, V)19(OL. 52, NO. 2, 2013)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 -0 89.0544 224.455 Tm [(T)97(able 1. Schedule of dietary iodine and teat disinfection treatments)]TJ ET /Cs8 CS 1 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 10 M [] 0 d 1 i q 1 0 0 1 95.304 63.78 cm 0 0 m 0 117 l 0 153.689 l 0 210.689 l 0 247.378 l 0 325.378 l 0 362.067 l 0 440.067 l 0 476.756 l 0 552.756 l S 1 0 0 1 16.32 0 cm 0 0 m 0 117 l 0 153.689 l 0 210.689 l 0 247.378 l 0 325.378 l 0 362.067 l 0 440.067 l 0 476.756 l 0 552.756 l S 1 0 0 1 315.42 0 cm 0 0 m 0 117 l 0 153.689 l 0 210.689 l 0 247.378 l 0 325.378 l 0 362.067 l 0 440.067 l 0 476.756 l 0 552.756 l S Q BT /F1 1 Tf 0 8 -8 -0 106.624 63.7801 Tm 0 Tw [(P)37(eriod)-16401.1(Days)-9583.1(T)130(reatments)]TJ 0 -1.6525 TD .0246 Tw [(Cow selection)-13233.2(112)-9711.1(7 kg concentrate \(10 mg/kg I\) \(70 mg I\) + wash and dry cows pre-milking and spray cows )]TJ 30.9222 -1.25 TD .025 Tw (post-milking with non-iodine)Tj -30.9222 -1.6525 TD .0081 Tw [(P)19(re-experimental iodine depletion )]TJ 0 -1.25 TD .025 Tw (and cow randomisation)Tj 19.2111 1.25 TD [(112)-9711.1(7 kg concentrate \(0 mg I/day\) + wash and dry cows and spray cows post-milking with )]TJ 11.7111 -1.25 TD 0 Tw (non-iodine)Tj -30.9222 -2.9025 TD .025 Tw (Experimental treatments)Tj 0 -1.25 TD [(P)37(eriod 1)]TJ 19.2111 1.25 TD 0 Tw (114)Tj 0 -1.25 TD .025 Tw (Dietary iodine )Tj 11.7111 1.25 TD .0246 Tw (7 kg concentrate \(10 mg/kg I\) \(70 mg I\) + wash and dry cows pre-milking and spray cows )Tj 0 -1.25 TD .025 Tw (post-milking with non-iodine)Tj -11.7111 -1.6525 TD 0 Tw (1521)Tj 0 -1.25 TD .025 Tw [(T)148(eat disinfection )]TJ T* 0 Tw (iodine)Tj 11.7111 2.5 TD .025 Tw (Group 1 \(10 cows\))Tj 0 -1.25 TD .0236 Tw (70 mg I + PRE Iodine )Tj T* .025 Tw (+ POST Iodine)Tj 14.3361 2.5 TD (Group 2 \(10 cows\))Tj 0 -1.25 TD (70 mg I + )Tj T* (POST Iodine)Tj 14.3361 2.5 TD -.015 Tc (Group 3 \(10 cows\))Tj 0 -1.25 TD (70 mg I + non-iodine)Tj -40.3834 -2.9025 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (2235)Tj 0 -1.25 TD .025 Tw (Iodine depletion)Tj 11.7111 1.25 TD (3 kg concentrate \(0 mg I/day\) + wash and dry cows)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (and spray cows post-milking with non-iodine)Tj -30.9222 -2.9025 TD (Experimental treatments)Tj 0 -1.25 TD [(P)37(eriod 2)]TJ 19.2111 1.25 TD 0 Tw (114)Tj 0 -1.25 TD .025 Tw (Dietary iodine)Tj 11.7111 1.25 TD .0246 Tw (3 kg concentrate \(10 mg/kg I\) \(30 mg I\) + wash and dry cows pre-milking and spray cows )Tj 0 -1.25 TD .025 Tw (post-milking with non-iodine)Tj -11.7111 -1.6525 TD 0 Tw (1521)Tj 0 -1.25 TD .025 Tw [(T)148(eat disinfection )]TJ T* 0 Tw (iodine )Tj 11.7111 2.5 TD .025 Tw (Group 1 \(10 cows\))Tj 0 -1.25 TD .0185 Tw (30 mg I + non-iodine)Tj 14.3361 1.25 TD .025 Tw (Group 2 \(10 cows\))Tj 0 -1.25 TD .0236 Tw (30 mg I + PRE Iodine )Tj T* .025 Tw (+ POST Iodine)Tj 14.3361 2.5 TD (Group 3 \(10 cows\))Tj 0 -1.25 TD (30 mg I + POST )Tj T* 0 Tw (Iodine)Tj -40.3834 -1.6525 TD (2235)Tj 0 -1.25 TD .025 Tw (Iodine depletion)Tj 11.7111 1.25 TD (0 kg concentrate \(0 mg I/day\) + wash and dry cows)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (pre-milking and spray cows post-milking with non-iodine)Tj -30.9222 -2.9025 TD (Experimental treatments)Tj 0 -1.25 TD [(P)37(eriod 3)]TJ 19.2111 1.25 TD 0 Tw (114)Tj 0 -1.25 TD .025 Tw (Dietary iodine )Tj 11.7111 1.25 TD (0 kg concentrate \(0 mg I/day\) + wash and dry cows)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (pre-milking and spray cows post-milking with non-iodine)Tj -11.7111 -1.6525 TD 0 Tw (1521)Tj 0 -1.25 TD .025 Tw [(T)148(eat disinfection )]TJ T* 0 Tw (iodine)Tj 11.7111 2.5 TD .025 Tw (Group 1 \(10 cows\))Tj 0 -1.25 TD (0 mg I + POST )Tj T* 0 Tw (Iodine)Tj 14.3361 2.5 TD .025 Tw (Group 2 \(10 cows\))Tj 0 -1.25 TD (0 mg I + non-iodine)Tj 14.3361 1.25 TD (Group 3 \(10 cows\))Tj 0 -1.25 TD (0 mg I + PRE Iodine )Tj T* (+ POST Iodine)Tj -40.3834 -1.6525 TD 0 Tw (2235)Tj 0 -1.25 TD .025 Tw (Iodine depletion)Tj 11.7111 1.25 TD (0 kg concentrate \(0 mg I/day\) + wash and dry cows)Tj 0 -1.25 TD (pre-milking and spray cows post-milking with non-iodine)Tj ET endstream endobj 24 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ColorSpace<>>> endobj 25 0 obj <>stream hު6PA]CZ.&~ endstream endobj 27 0 obj <>stream /GS2 gs BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 70.4488 634.5814 Tm /Cs8 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 8.5766 Tw [( OBRIEN )]TJ /F2 1 Tf 13.4605 0 TD .025 Tw [(ET AL)-9(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 3.193 0 TD [(: IODINE CONCENTR)37(A)93(TIONS IN MILK )-8641.7(213)]TJ 10 0 0 10 69.4488 608.6356 Tm .01 Tc .0846 Tw [(similar and relatively low. R)37(ogers \(2005\))10( )]TJ 0 -1.2 TD .2022 Tw [(indicated the iodine levels in grass and)10( )]TJ T* .0378 Tw [(silage to be 0.26 and 0.27 mg/kg DM and)10( )]TJ T* .1347 Tw [(the change in proportions as the season)10( )]TJ T* .1644 Tw [(advanced should not have an important)10( )]TJ T* .0936 Tw [(impact on iodine measurements. A)19(dding)10( )]TJ T* .0845 Tw [(grass to the diet and increasing the total)10( )]TJ T* .2665 Tw [(herbage \(grass and silage\) intake from)10( )]TJ T* -.0226 Tw [(say 10 kg/cow/day to approximately 1819)10( )]TJ T* .2254 Tw [(kg/cow/day, would mean an increase in)10( )]TJ T* .1492 Tw (intake of approximately 2.25 mg iodine/)Tj T* 0 Tw (cow/day.)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD 0 Tc .1796 Tw (The disinfection was totally controlled )Tj -1.0001 -1.2 TD -.0073 Tw (as a non-iodine disinfection was applied at )Tj T* .0374 Tw (all times, except when the pre- or post- or )Tj T* .2429 Tw (both disinfection treatments with iodine )Tj T* .0249 Tw (were required by the trial.)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD .015 Tc .1719 Tw [(On this basis, a factorial structure in)15( )]TJ -1.0001 -1.2 TD .0261 Tw [(the treatments \(3 levels of dietary iodine)15( )]TJ T* .1229 Tw [(and 3 disinfection treatments\) was used)15( )]TJ T* .014 Tw [(as the basis for the analysis. Main effects)15( )]TJ T* .0714 Tw [(of dietary addition are to be interpreted)15( )]TJ T* .2045 Tw [(in the same way as observational data,)15( )]TJ T* .0155 Tc .375 Tw (where other confounding factors can-)Tj T* .015 Tc .3028 Tw [(not be completely discounted. W)37(ithin-)]TJ T* .0547 Tw [(animal correlations were included in the)15( )]TJ T* .2633 Tw (analysis using the mixed model proce-)Tj T* .1805 Tw [(dures in S)28(A)19(S. Baseline data was tested)15( )]TJ T* .079 Tw [(for inclusion in the final analysis model.)15( )]TJ T* .3104 Tw [(R)37(esidual checks were made to ensure)15( )]TJ T* .002 Tw [(that the assumptions of the analysis were)15( )]TJ T* 0 Tw (valid.)Tj /F3 1 Tf 23.1119 37.2259 TD 0 Tc .025 Tw [(R)19(esults and Discussion)]TJ /F1 1 Tf -3.9781 -1.2 TD .0111 Tw (It is critical that milk iodine concentration )Tj T* .2906 Tw (meets market requirements for ingredi-)Tj T* .0352 Tw (ents to infant feed formula. The influence )Tj T* .0039 Tc .3751 Tw (of dietary and teat disinfection iodine )Tj T* 0 Tc .1122 Tw (within a seasonal milk production system )Tj T* -.0182 Tw (on milk iodine concentrations will indicate )Tj T* .0086 Tw (the necessity to modify cow iodine supple-)Tj T* .0249 Tw (mentation practices.)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD .0073 Tc .375 Tw [(There was no significant interaction)7.3( )]TJ -1.0001 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -.0071 Tw (\(P = 0.11\) of dietary supplementation and )Tj T* .009 Tc .375 Tw (disinfection treatment. Dietary supple-)Tj T* 0 Tc .2362 Tw (mentation of iodine at both 30 mg and )Tj T* .2946 Tw (70 mg/day, when compared to the diet )Tj T* -.004 Tw (with no supplement, increased milk iodine )Tj T* .2911 Tw (concentrations significantly \(P < 0.001\) )Tj T* .2537 Tw (from 449 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 4.5845 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .576 0 TD .2536 Tw (g/kg to 1034 and 915 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 10.2456 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .576 0 TD (g/kg, )Tj -15.9821 -1.2 TD .0816 Tw [(respectively \(T)148(able 2\). There were signifi-)]TJ T* .1432 Tw (cant differences between the disinfection )Tj T* .2946 Tw [(methods \(T)148(able 3\). The lowest level of )]TJ T* .1897 Tw (milk iodine concentration was found for )Tj T* .2389 Tw (the non-iodine product \(574 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 13.1961 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .576 0 TD .2389 Tw (g/kg\) and )Tj -13.7721 -1.2 TD .0062 Tc .375 Tw [(both the post-milking teat disinfection)6.2( )]TJ T* 0 Tc .1193 Tw (with iodine \(753 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 7.4973 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .576 0 TD .1193 Tw (g/kg\) and the pre- and )Tj -8.0733 -1.2 TD .1371 Tw (post-milking teat disinfection with iodine )Tj T* 0 Tw (\(1071 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 2.7419 0 TD ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .576 0 TD .1086 Tw (g/kg\) showed significant increases )Tj -3.3179 -1.2 TD .3277 Tw (\(P < 0.001\) relative to the non-iodine )Tj T* .2407 Tw (product. The observed milk iodine con-)Tj T* .2049 Tw (centrations for each treatment combina-)Tj T* .0249 Tw [(tion are shown in T)148(able 4.)]TJ 1.0001 -1.2 TD -.0851 Tw [(R)37(egressing on the levels of dietary iodine )]TJ -1.0001 -1.2 TD .3584 Tw (addition was used to assess trend and )Tj /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 96.6318 196.175 Tm .025 Tw [(T)97(able 2. Effect of two different levels of dietary iodine supplementation on milk iodine levels)]TJ ET /Cs8 CS 1 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 10 M [] 0 d 1 i q 1 0 0 1 69.449 160.385 cm 0 0 m 69.9 0 l 76.988 0 l 131.988 0 l 139.075 0 l 198.075 0 l 205.163 0 l 264.163 0 l 271.251 0 l 322.251 0 l 329.339 0 l 371.339 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 29.54 cm 0 0 m 69.9 0 l 76.988 0 l 131.988 0 l 139.075 0 l 198.075 0 l 205.163 0 l 264.163 0 l 271.251 0 l 322.251 0 l 329.339 0 l 371.339 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -16.32 cm 0 0 m 69.9 0 l 76.988 0 l 131.988 0 l 139.075 0 l 198.075 0 l 205.163 0 l 264.163 0 l 271.251 0 l 322.251 0 l 329.339 0 l 371.339 0 l S Q BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 146.741 178.605 Tm [(0 mg iodine/day)-962.1(30 mg iodine/day)-962.1(70 mg iodine/day)-938.1(Standard error)-952(Significance)]TJ -9.6615 -1.6525 TD (Milk iodine \()Tj /F4 1 Tf 5.6279 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .576 0 TD [(g/kg\))-3783.5(449)]TJ 5.6 0 0 5.6 178.556 168.026 Tm (a)Tj 8 0 0 8 227.538 165.385 Tm (1,034)Tj 5.6 0 0 5.6 245.538 168.026 Tm (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 296.625 165.385 Tm (915)Tj 5.6 0 0 5.6 308.625 168.026 Tm (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 359.2 165.385 Tm [(39.9)-5073.5(***)]TJ 5.6 0 0 5.6 69.4488 153.776 Tm (a,b)Tj 8 0 0 8 76.5831 151.135 Tm .025 Tw (Superscripts indicate a significant difference of P < 0.001.)Tj /F3 1 Tf 6.1145 -4.0395 TD [(T)97(able 3. Effect of teat disinfection practices with iodine on milk iodine level)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 69.449 73.03 cm 0 0 m 69.9 0 l 77.388 0 l 118.388 0 l 125.875 0 l 192.875 0 l 200.363 0 l 282.363 0 l 289.851 0 l 321.851 0 l 329.339 0 l 371.339 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 39.539 cm 0 0 m 69.9 0 l 77.388 0 l 118.388 0 l 125.875 0 l 192.875 0 l 200.363 0 l 282.363 0 l 289.851 0 l 321.851 0 l 329.339 0 l 371.339 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -26.319 cm 0 0 m 69.9 0 l 77.388 0 l 118.388 0 l 125.875 0 l 192.875 0 l 200.363 0 l 282.363 0 l 289.851 0 l 321.851 0 l 329.339 0 l 371.339 0 l S Q BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 147.841 101.25 Tm 0 Tw (Non-iodine )Tj -.1255 -1.25 TD .011 Tw (teat dipping)Tj 6.618 1.25 TD .025 Tw [(P)37(ost-milking teat )]TJ -.51 -1.25 TD (dipping with iodine)Tj 9.7605 1.25 TD [(P)19(re- and post-milking )]TJ -.469 -1.25 TD (teat dipping with iodine)Tj 11.2164 1.25 TD 0 Tw (Standard )Tj .848 -1.25 TD (error)Tj 4.082 1.25 TD (Significance)Tj -41.2194 -2.9025 TD .025 Tw (Milk iodine \()Tj /F4 1 Tf 5.6279 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .576 0 TD [(g/kg\))-2958.5(574)]TJ 5.6 0 0 5.6 171.956 80.67 Tm (a)Tj 8 0 0 8 221.338 78.0301 Tm (753)Tj 5.6 0 0 5.6 233.338 80.67 Tm (b)Tj 8 0 0 8 300.583 78.0301 Tm (1,071)Tj 5.6 0 0 5.6 318.583 80.67 Tm (c)Tj 8 0 0 8 368.3 78.0301 Tm [(39.9)-3936(***)]TJ 5.6 0 0 5.6 69.4488 66.42 Tm (a,b,c)Tj 8 0 0 8 80.4415 63.7801 Tm .0249 Tw (Superscripts indicate a significant difference of P < 0.01.)Tj ET endstream endobj 28 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ColorSpace<>>> endobj 29 0 obj <>stream hު6PA]CZ.&~ endstream endobj 31 0 obj <>stream /GS2 gs BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 70.4488 634.5728 Tm /Cs8 cs 1 scn 0 Tc .025 Tw [(214 )-225( )-725( )-725( )-225( )-385(IRISH JOURNAL OF A)28(GRICUL)93(TUR)37(AL AND FOOD RESEAR)56(CH, V)19(OL. 52, NO. 2, 2013)]TJ 10 0 0 10 69.4488 509.202 Tm .1699 Tw (non-linearity in the relationship between )Tj 0 -1.2 TD .141 Tw (those levels and iodine concentrations in )Tj T* .1217 Tw (milk, adjusting for block and disinfection )Tj T* .0056 Tc .375 Tw [(treatment. There was a positive trend)5.6( )]TJ T* 0 Tc .1691 Tw (with increasing levels of dietary addition )Tj T* .2956 Tw (\(P < 0.001\) and evidence of curvature )Tj T* .0059 Tc .375 Tw [(\(quadratic term, P < 0.001\). Baseline)5.9( )]TJ T* 0 Tc .2189 Tw (values were tested as a covariate in the )Tj T* .038 Tw (analysis and the relationship was found to )Tj T* .0249 Tw (be non-significant.)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD .2726 Tw (These results indicate very significant )Tj -1.0001 -1.2 TD .0609 Tw (increases in milk iodine concentrations as )Tj T* .1444 Tw (a consequence of both diet and disinfec-)Tj T* .0255 Tw (tion treatments, showing an increase from )Tj T* 0 Tw (217 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.972 0 TD ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .576 0 TD .2219 Tw [(g/kg when dietary and )471.9(disinfection )]TJ -2.548 -1.2 TD .016 Tc .5864 Tw (iodine was absent to >1,000 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 15.5919 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .592 0 TD .016 Tc [(g/kg)16( )]TJ -16.1839 -1.2 TD 0 Tc .0517 Tw (when both pre- and post-disinfection with )Tj T* .2376 Tw (iodine and either 30 or 70 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 12.6433 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .576 0 TD .2376 Tw (g/day were )Tj -13.2193 -1.2 TD 0 Tw (applied.)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD .2431 Tw (Norouzian and Azizi \(2013\) indicated )Tj -1.0001 -1.2 TD .1569 Tw (that when iodine intake is at the recom-)Tj T* .0212 Tw (mended feeding amount of 0.5 mg/kg DM )Tj T* .0027 Tc .3751 Tw [(\(US National R)36.9(esearch Council 2001\), )]TJ T* .0057 Tc (milk iodine will be approximately 160)Tj /F4 1 Tf T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .5861 0 TD .0101 Tc .3777 Tw [(g/kg. When supplemental iodine was)10.1( )]TJ -.5861 -1.2 TD 0 Tc .1052 Tw (added to a low iodine diet \(i.e. increased )Tj T* .0103 Tc .3858 Tw [(from 11 to 62 mg/cow/day\), the milk)10.3( )]TJ T* .0015 Tc .375 Tw (iodine concentration was increased 3.3 )Tj T* 0 Tc .0626 Tw (fold. However, when supplemental iodine )Tj T* .0329 Tw (was increased from 62 to 165 mg/cow/day, )Tj T* .2551 Tw (the milk iodine increased by only 12%. )Tj T* .2719 Tw (This suggests that milk iodine response )Tj T* .092 Tw (curves are not linear. The data also show )Tj T* .1566 Tw (some evidence of nonlinearity. However, )Tj T* .2189 Tw (the exact mechanisms for this reduction )Tj T* .2871 Tw (in response at higher concentrations of )Tj T* .2531 Tw (iodine supplementation are not clear; a )Tj T* .3595 Tw (possible explanation might be that the )Tj 19.1338 44.4 TD .3449 Tw (mammary gland of the dairy cow may )Tj 0 -1.2 TD .2241 Tw (act as bio-regulator for iodine excretion )Tj T* .0248 Tw (\(Norouzian 2011\).)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD .0007 Tc .375 Tw (In a study by Borucki Castro )Tj /F2 1 Tf 14.6494 0 TD (et al)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.1005 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (. )Tj -17.75 -1.2 TD -.005 Tc (\(2010\),)Tj /F3 1 Tf 2.981 0 TD 0 Tc ( )Tj /F1 1 Tf .2485 0 TD -.005 Tc (the)Tj /F3 1 Tf 1.3529 0 TD 0 Tc ( )Tj /F1 1 Tf .2485 0 TD -.0048 Tc .0033 Tw (milk iodine concentration from )Tj -4.8309 -1.2 TD -.005 Tc .1092 Tw (501 farms across Canada varied consider-)Tj T* .3309 Tw (ably and appeared to be influenced by )Tj T* .1708 Tw (feeding practices. More than 85% of the )Tj T* .3617 Tw (farms tested were feeding more iodine )Tj T* .0072 Tc .4526 Tw [(than recommended \(0.5 mg iodine/kg)7.2( )]TJ T* -.0003 Tc .375 Tw (DM\). But the authors considered that )Tj T* -.0049 Tc .1498 Tw (variations in the iodine concentrations of )Tj T* .0101 Tw (forages were unlikely to cause iodine over-)Tj T* .1413 Tw (feeding. Similarly, in the current study, it )Tj T* .095 Tw (is unlikely that silage or grass contributed )Tj T* .0898 Tw (significant levels of iodine to the cow diet )Tj T* .0591 Tw [(at different stages of the lactation; R)37.1(ogers )]TJ T* .1591 Tw (\(2005\) reported iodine levels of 0.26 and )Tj T* .0224 Tw (0.27 mg/kg DM in Irish pasture and silage, )Tj T* .0969 Tw [(respectively, while W)37(ichtel )]TJ /F2 1 Tf 11.7194 0 TD (et al.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.0389 0 TD -.0044 Tc .0963 Tw [( 1996 and )]TJ -13.7583 -1.2 TD -.005 Tc -.006 Tw [(Grace and W)111(aghorn \(2005\) recorded herb-)]TJ T* -.0188 Tw (age iodine levels of 0.18 to 0.27 mg/kg DM.)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD -.015 Tc .1569 Tw (In the current study, cows were supple-)Tj -1.0001 -1.2 TD .259 Tw [(mented with approximately 4 mg/kg DM)-15( )]TJ T* .3315 Tw [(\(when calculated for the complete grass)-15( )]TJ T* .1323 Tw [(and concentrate diet of the cow\), which is)-15( )]TJ T* .0373 Tw (eight times the animal requirement accord-)Tj T* .0509 Tw [(ing to the GfE \(2006\) and the US National)-15( )]TJ T* -.0078 Tc .375 Tw [(R)37(esearch Council \(2001\). The resultant)-7.8( )]TJ T* -.015 Tc .1881 Tw (milk iodine concentrations were consider-)Tj T* .352 Tw [(ably greater than the target desired for)-15( )]TJ T* .2814 Tw [(processing of the milk into milk powder)-15( )]TJ T* .3489 Tw [(for infant formula and potentially other)-15( )]TJ T* .0826 Tw (products also. However, that supplementa-)Tj T* .051 Tw [(tion was within the maximum dietary levels)-15( )]TJ T* .1153 Tw [(of the present European Union legislation)-15( )]TJ T* -.0266 Tw (\(European Commission 2005\) \(5 mg iodine/)Tj T* .3222 Tw [(kg DM of cow feed\), \(maximum iodine)-15( )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 70.8641 610.3344 Tm 0 Tc .025 Tw [(T)97(able 4. Effect of teat disinfection practises with iodine on milk iodine level \()]TJ ET q 1 i 510.236 680.315 -510.236 -680.315 re 0 680.315 m W n /GS3 gs BT /F4 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 335.309 610.3344 Tm 2 Tr /Cs8 CS 1 SCN 0 J 0 j .3 w 4 M [] 0 d 0 Tw ()Tj ET Q /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 339.917 610.3344 Tm (g/kg\) at three different levels )Tj -16.4112 -1.25 TD (of dietary supplementation)Tj ET /Cs8 CS 1 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 4 M [] 0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 69.449 594.084 cm 0 0 m 59 0 l 74.335 0 l 115.335 0 l 130.669 0 l 197.669 0 l 213.004 0 l 295.004 0 l 310.339 0 l 371.339 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -26.32 cm 0 0 m 59 0 l 74.335 0 l 115.335 0 l 130.669 0 l 197.669 0 l 213.004 0 l 295.004 0 l 310.339 0 l 371.339 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -33.459 cm 0 0 m 59 0 l 74.335 0 l 115.335 0 l 130.669 0 l 197.669 0 l 213.004 0 l 295.004 0 l 310.339 0 l 371.339 0 l S Q BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 144.788 582.7645 Tm 0 Tw (Non-iodine )Tj -.1255 -1.2501 TD .011 Tw (teat dipping)Tj 7.5989 1.2501 TD .025 Tw [(P)37(ost-milking teat )]TJ -.51 -1.2501 TD (dipping with iodine)Tj 10.7414 1.2501 TD [(P)19(re- and post-milking )]TJ -.469 -1.2501 TD (teat dipping with iodine)Tj 12.1772 1.2501 TD [(A)19(verage standard )]TJ 2.6805 -1.2501 TD 0 Tw (error)Tj -41.5109 -1.6524 TD .025 Tw [(70 mg iodine/day)-3805.5(813)-7166.8(817)]TJ 5.6 0 0 5.6 239.618 562.185 Tm 0 Tw ( )Tj 8 0 0 8 314.453 559.545 Tm (1,115)Tj 5.6 0 0 5.6 332.453 562.185 Tm ( )Tj 8 0 0 8 403.288 559.545 Tm (39.4)Tj -41.7299 -1.265 TD .025 Tw [(30 mg iodine/day)-3805.5(692)]TJ 5.6 0 0 5.6 170.284 552.065 Tm 0 Tw ( )Tj 8 0 0 8 227.618 549.425 Tm (982)Tj 5.6 0 0 5.6 239.618 552.065 Tm ( )Tj 8 0 0 8 314.453 549.425 Tm (1,429)Tj 5.6 0 0 5.6 332.453 552.065 Tm ( )Tj 8 0 0 8 403.288 549.425 Tm (96.4)Tj -41.7299 -1.265 TD .025 Tw [(0 mg iodine/day)-4305.5(217)-7166.8(461)]TJ 5.6 0 0 5.6 239.618 541.945 Tm 0 Tw ( )Tj 8 0 0 8 315.253 539.305 Tm .025 Tw [( 670)-8954.4(45.5)]TJ ET endstream endobj 32 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ColorSpace<>>> endobj 33 0 obj <>stream hު6PA]CZ.&~ endstream endobj 35 0 obj <>stream /GS2 gs BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 70.4488 634.5814 Tm /Cs8 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 8.5766 Tw [( OBRIEN )]TJ /F2 1 Tf 13.4605 0 TD .025 Tw [(ET AL)-9(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 3.193 0 TD [(: IODINE CONCENTR)37(A)93(TIONS IN MILK )-8641.7(215)]TJ 10 0 0 10 69.4488 608.6356 Tm -.015 Tc .0529 Tw [(concentration in cow feed reduced from 10)-15( )]TJ 0 -1.2 TD .081 Tw [(to 5 mg/kg in 2005\). This European Union)-15( )]TJ T* .2659 Tw [(legislation was influenced by studies that)-15( )]TJ T* .3365 Tw [(indicated a 3040% transfer of ingested)-15( )]TJ T* .1174 Tw (supplemental iodine to milk \(Schne )Tj /F2 1 Tf 15.9856 0 TD (et al)Tj /F1 1 Tf 1.7644 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (. )Tj -17.75 -1.2 TD -.015 Tc .0564 Tw (2006; Flachowsky )Tj /F2 1 Tf 7.5718 0 TD (et al)Tj /F1 1 Tf 1.7034 0 TD [(. 2007\). A)19(dditionally,)-15( )]TJ -9.2752 -1.2 TD -.0036 Tc .421 Tw (there are no reports \(known to these )Tj T* -.0045 Tc .3884 Tw (authors\) indicating beneficial effects of )Tj T* -.015 Tc .0153 Tw [(iodine overfeeding on reproduction, animal)-15( )]TJ T* .2837 Tw [(growth or fattening \(W)37(ichtel )]TJ /F2 1 Tf 13.1026 0 TD (et al)Tj /F1 1 Tf 1.9307 0 TD [(. 1996;)-15( )]TJ -15.0333 -1.2 TD 0 Tw (Meyer )Tj /F2 1 Tf 3.0216 0 TD .0976 Tw (et al)Tj /F1 1 Tf 1.7445 0 TD (. 2008\). As milk iodine concen-)Tj -4.7661 -1.2 TD .1809 Tw [(tration is critical for some dairy products,)-15( )]TJ T* .1429 Tw [(it may be prudent to measure milk iodine)-15( )]TJ T* .1053 Tw [(routinely. A)19(dditionally, from a herd health)-15( )]TJ T* .3381 Tw [(perspective, measurement of iodine may)-15( )]TJ T* .1588 Tw [(be necessary as an indicator of the iodine)-15( )]TJ T* .025 Tw (status of the herd.)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD -.01 Tc -.0355 Tw (The variable increase in milk iodine asso-)Tj -1.0001 -1.2 TD .2131 Tw [(ciated with the different teat disinfection)-10( )]TJ T* -.008 Tw (practices was not unexpected. As teat prep-)Tj T* .1757 Tw [(aration \(washing of teats and drying with)-10( )]TJ T* .1441 Tw [(paper towel\) was undertaken pre-milking,)-10( )]TJ T* .0276 Tw [(the contribution of post-disinfection iodine)-10( )]TJ T* .0875 Tw [(to milk iodine was probably largely due to)-10( )]TJ T* -.0297 Tw (absorption through skin. Considerable vari-)Tj T* .0342 Tw (ation has been reported in trials investigat-)Tj T* .1067 Tw [(ing the effect of different teat disinfection)-10( )]TJ T* .0517 Tw [(practices on milk iodine between 1980 and)-10( )]TJ T* .0264 Tw [(2007, but much of it was due to differences)-10( )]TJ T* .2879 Tw [(in iodine strength which varied between)-10( )]TJ T* -.0028 Tc .3749 Tw (0.1% and 0.8%, formulation, analytical )Tj T* -.01 Tc .1101 Tw (methods, housing conditions and teat dip-)Tj T* -.0546 Tw [(ping versus spraying. A study by Flachowsky)-10( )]TJ /F2 1 Tf T* .0025 Tc .4636 Tw (et al.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.4507 0 TD [( \(2007\) reported an increase of )]TJ -2.4507 -1.2 TD -.01 Tc 0 Tw (54 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.4313 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .566 0 TD -.01 Tc .2113 Tw [(g iodine/kg of milk when cows were)-10( )]TJ -1.9973 -1.2 TD .2759 Tw [(teat dipped with a 0.3% iodine solution)-10( )]TJ T* .2118 Tw [(post-milking. P)19(re-milking disinfection can)-10( )]TJ T* .2371 Tw [(pose a substantial risk of iodine transfer)-10( )]TJ T* .1694 Tw [(to milk, as it is dependent on the degree)-10( )]TJ T* .1446 Tw [(of removal from the teats prior to cluster)-10( )]TJ T* .0595 Tw [(attachment; if not sufficiently removed the)-10( )]TJ T* .1647 Tw [(iodine may enter the milk directly during)-10( )]TJ T* .0877 Tw [(milk removal or may be absorbed through)-10( )]TJ T* .3685 Tw (the teat skin. Galton )Tj /F2 1 Tf 10.2287 0 TD (et al)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.0404 0 TD [(. \(1984\) and)-10( )]TJ -12.2691 -1.2 TD .3055 Tw [(R)19(asmussen, Galton and P)37(eterson \(1991\))-10( )]TJ T* .0147 Tw [(reported that pre-dipping with 0.5% iodine)-10( )]TJ 19.1338 54 TD .0022 Tc .4541 Tw [(solutions followed by complete drying )]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -.01 Tc .2741 Tw [(of the teat did not significantly increase)-10( )]TJ T* .1058 Tw [(milk iodine concentrations. However, pre-)-10( )]TJ T* .0969 Tw [(dipping with 1% iodine solution increased)-10( )]TJ T* .1385 Tw [(the milk iodine content \(R)19(asmussen )]TJ /F2 1 Tf 15.9395 0 TD .1386 Tw (et al)Tj /F1 1 Tf 1.8105 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (. )Tj -17.75 -1.2 TD -.01 Tc .229 Tw (1991\). Galton )Tj /F2 1 Tf 6.445 0 TD (et al)Tj /F1 1 Tf 1.901 0 TD [(. \(1984\) also reported)-10( )]TJ -8.346 -1.2 TD .2759 Tw [(that attaching the cluster without drying)-10( )]TJ T* .1502 Tw (the teats after dipping in 1% iodine sani-)Tj T* .1425 Tw (tiser increased the milk iodine by 600 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 16.6841 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .566 0 TD -.01 Tc (g/)Tj -17.2501 -1.2 TD .0711 Tw [(kg above the concentration reported when)-10( )]TJ T* .025 Tw (teats were dried before milking.)Tj /F3 1 Tf 6.5756 -3.25 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Conclusion)Tj /F1 1 Tf -6.5756 -1.2 TD .3253 Tw (In conclusion, both dietary iodine sup-)Tj T* .2161 Tw (plementation and teat disinfection using )Tj T* .1369 Tw (iodine resulted in milk iodine concentra-)Tj T* .0095 Tc .375 Tw [(tions exceeding common target values)9.5( )]TJ T* 0 Tc .1969 Tw (of 250 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 3.2668 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .576 0 TD .1968 Tw [(g/kg. W)37(ith milk iodine levels of )]TJ -3.8428 -1.2 TD .2502 Tw (approximately 200 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 8.5839 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .5759 0 TD .2504 Tw (g/kg in the absence )Tj -9.1598 -1.2 TD .3105 Tw (of dietary and disinfection iodine, con-)Tj T* .1739 Tw (sidered in association with a target level )Tj T* .1994 Tw (of 250 )Tj /F4 1 Tf 3.2718 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F1 1 Tf .576 0 TD .1992 Tw (g/kg, there is minimal flexibility )Tj -3.8478 -1.2 TD .0793 Tw (for iodine supplementation, if target milk )Tj T* .0249 Tw (iodine concentrations are to be achieved.)Tj 1.0001 -1.2 TD -.0049 Tc .2593 Tw (In the immediate future, both dietary )Tj -1.0001 -1.2 TD .0081 Tc .4849 Tw (iodine supplementation of the lactat-)Tj T* -.0049 Tc .1696 Tw (ing cow and teat disinfection with iodine )Tj T* .2153 Tw (should be undertaken with extreme cau-)Tj T* .0978 Tw (tion. In the longer term, it is necessary to )Tj T* .1306 Tw (investigate the complete iodine budget in )Tj T* .0576 Tw (the lactating cow, quantifying total dietary )Tj T* .1457 Tw (iodine intake, blood iodine concentration )Tj T* .3209 Tw (and excess iodine released in milk and )Tj T* .1059 Tw (urine. Such a study would allow optimum )Tj T* .3702 Tw (cow iodine concentrations to be estab-)Tj T* -.0427 Tw (lished, thus allowing adequate cow diet and )Tj T* .025 Tw (management practices to be developed.)Tj /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 318.084 143.536 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (Acknowledgements)Tj /F1 1 Tf -7.1621 -1.25 TD -.0154 Tw [(This work was supported by the Dairy L)-19(evy R)37(esearch )]TJ T* 0 Tw [(T)130(rust.)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 8.9221 -3.075 TD [(R)19(eferences)]TJ /F1 1 Tf -8.9221 -1.25 TD .0014 Tc .3751 Tw [(Borucki Castro, S.I., Berthiaume, R., L)-19.1(affey, P)166.9(.)-.1(, )]TJ 1.4174 -1.25 TD 0 Tc .338 Tw [(F)37(ouquet, A., Beraldin, F)130(., R)37(obichaud, A. and )]TJ T* .2743 Tw [(L)-19(acasse, P)167(.)0( 2010. Iodine concentration in milk )]TJ ET endstream endobj 36 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ColorSpace<>>> endobj 37 0 obj <>stream hު6PA]CZ.&~ endstream endobj 39 0 obj <>stream /GS2 gs BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 70.4488 634.5728 Tm /Cs8 cs 1 scn 0 Tc .025 Tw [(216 )-225( )-725( )-725( )-225( )-385(IRISH JOURNAL OF A)28(GRICUL)93(TUR)37(AL AND FOOD RESEAR)56(CH, V)19(OL. 52, NO. 2, 2013)]TJ 1.2923 -3.0447 TD .1954 Tw (sampled from Canadian farms. )Tj /F2 1 Tf 14.1758 0 TD [(Journal of F)65(ood )]TJ -14.1758 -1.25 TD 0 Tw (Protection)Tj /F1 1 Tf 4.211 0 TD ( )Tj /F3 1 Tf .275 0 TD (73)Tj /F1 1 Tf 1 0 TD .025 Tw (: 16581663.)Tj -6.9033 -1.25 TD -.01 Tc -.0515 Tw [(D)37(A)28(CH. 2000. R)37(eferenzwerte fr die Nhrstoffzufuhr.)-10( )]TJ 1.4173 -1.2499 TD .0004 Tc .3899 Tw (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Ernhrung \(DGE\), )Tj T* .0096 Tc .7109 Tw [(sterreichische Gesellschaft fr Ernhrung)9.6( )]TJ T* -.01 Tc -.0862 Tw [(\(GE\), Schweizerische Gesellschaft fr Ernhrung)-10( )]TJ T* -.0117 Tw [(\(SGE\), Schweizerische V)111(ereinigung fr Ernhrung)-10( )]TJ T* .368 Tw [(\(SVE\). R)37(eferenzwerte fr die Nhrstoffzufuhr:)-10( )]TJ T* .0407 Tw [(Jod. \(German, A)37(ustrian and Swiss nutrition stan-)]TJ T* .0605 Tw [(dards\) Umschau Braus V)111(erlag, F)37(rankfurt a. Main,)-10( )]TJ T* .025 Tw [(1. A)37(uflage, Germany, pages 179184.)]TJ -1.4173 -1.25 TD .013 Tc .4811 Tw [(European Commission. 2002. Opinion of the)13( )]TJ 1.4173 -1.25 TD 0 Tc .1771 Tw [(Scientific Committee on F)37(ood on the T)148(olerable )]TJ T* .0483 Tw [(Upper Intake L)-19(evel of Iodine. A)19(vailable online: )]TJ T* .019 Tc 0 Tw [(http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out146_en.pdf)19( )]TJ T* 0 Tc .025 Tw ([accessed 5 December 2013].)Tj -1.4173 -1.25 TD .347 Tw [(European Commission. 2005. Council R)37(egulation )]TJ 1.4173 -1.25 TD -.0238 Tw (\(EC\) No 1459/2005 of 08 September 2005 amend-)Tj T* .1862 Tw (ing the condition of authorization of a number )Tj T* .0762 Tw (of feed additives belonging to the group of trace )Tj T* 0 Tw (elements. )Tj /F2 1 Tf 4.4301 0 TD .0991 Tw (Official Journal of the European Union)Tj /F1 1 Tf 16.6526 0 TD 0 Tw ( )Tj /F3 1 Tf -21.0827 -1.25 TD .025 Tw (L 233)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.41 0 TD (: 810. )Tj -3.8273 -1.25 TD -.005 Tc 0 Tw (Flachowsky)Tj /F3 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 108.576 390.216 Tm 0 Tc (,)Tj /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 110.291 390.216 Tm -.0049 Tc .0915 Tw [( G., Schne, F)130.1(., L)-18.9(eiterer, M., Bemmann, )]TJ -3.688 -1.25 TD -.0235 Tw (D., Spolders)Tj /F3 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 122.311 380.216 Tm 0 Tw (, )Tj /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 125.576 380.216 Tm -.0235 Tw [(M. and L)-19(ebzien)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 178.423 380.216 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (,)Tj /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 180.138 380.216 Tm -.005 Tc -.0235 Tw [( P)167(.)0( 2007.)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 3.345 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F1 1 Tf .2215 0 TD -.0046 Tc -.0239 Tw (Influence of )Tj -15.9853 -1.25 TD -.0049 Tc -.0182 Tw (an iodine depletion period and teat dipping on the )Tj T* .1259 Tw (iodine concentration in serum and milk of cows. )Tj /F2 1 Tf T* .025 Tw [(Journal of Animal and F)65(eed Sciences )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 15.4267 0 TD 0 Tw (16)Tj /F1 1 Tf .99 0 TD .025 Tw (: 1825.)Tj -17.834 -1.25 TD -.02 Tc .1173 Tw [(Galton, D.M., P)37(eterson, L.G. and Merrill, W)148(.G. 1988.)-20( )]TJ 1.4173 -1.25 TD -.016 Tw [(Evaluation of udder preparations on intramammary)-20( )]TJ T* 0 Tw (infections. )Tj /F2 1 Tf 4.443 0 TD .025 Tw (Journal of Dairy Science)Tj /F1 1 Tf 9.6117 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F3 1 Tf .255 0 TD -.02 Tc (71)Tj /F1 1 Tf .96 0 TD .025 Tw (: 14171421.)Tj -16.687 -1.25 TD 0 Tc .3065 Tw [(Galton, D.M., P)37(eterson, L., Merrill, W)148(., Bandler, )]TJ 1.4173 -1.25 TD .2019 Tw (D. and Shuster, D. 1984. Effects of premilking )Tj T* .1117 Tw (udder preparation on bacterial population, sedi-)Tj T* .0154 Tw (ment, and iodine residue in milk. )Tj /F2 1 Tf 14.3838 0 TD (Journal of Dairy )Tj -14.3838 -1.25 TD 0 Tw (Science)Tj /F1 1 Tf 3.099 0 TD ( )Tj /F3 1 Tf .275 0 TD (67)Tj /F1 1 Tf 1 0 TD .025 Tw (: 25802589.)Tj -5.7913 -1.25 TD .0167 Tc .61 Tw [(Gesellschaft fr Ernhrungsphysiologie \(GfE\).)16.7( )]TJ 1.4173 -1.25 TD .024 Tc .8673 Tw [(2006. Empfehlungen zur Energie- und)24( )]TJ T* .0068 Tc .375 Tw [(Nhrstoffversorgung von Schweinen. Nr. 10,)6.8( )]TJ T* 0 Tc .025 Tw [(DLG-)93(V)111(erlag, F)37(rankfurt, Germany, pages 1247.)]TJ -1.4173 -1.25 TD .2771 Tw [(Grace, N.D. and W)111(aghorn, G.C. 2005. Impact of )]TJ 1.4173 -1.25 TD .2828 Tw (iodine supplementation of dairy cows on milk )Tj T* .3222 Tw (production and iodine concentrations in milk.)Tj /F3 1 Tf 21.0827 0 TD 0 Tw ( )Tj /F2 1 Tf -21.0827 -1.25 TD .025 Tw [(New Zealand V)106(eterinary Journal)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 13.2658 0 TD [( 53:)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 1.548 0 TD [( 1013.)]TJ -16.2312 -1.25 TD .1059 Tw [(Meyer, U., W)83(eigel, K., Schne, F)130(., L)-19(eiterer, M. and )]TJ 1.4173 -1.25 TD .0869 Tw (Flachowsky, G. 2008. Effect of dietary iodine on )Tj T* .2981 Tw (growth and iodine status of growing fattening )Tj T* 0 Tw (bulls. )Tj /F2 1 Tf 2.531 0 TD .0249 Tw (Livestock Science)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7.2949 0 TD 0 Tw ( )Tj /F3 1 Tf .275 0 TD (115)Tj /F1 1 Tf 1.5 0 TD .025 Tw (: 219225.)Tj -13.0182 -1.25 TD -.0262 Tw (Norouzian, M.A. 2011. Iodine in raw and pasteurized )Tj 1.4173 -1.25 TD -.0141 Tw (milk of dairy cows fed different amounts of potas-)Tj T* .2774 Tw (sium iodide. )Tj /F2 1 Tf 6.0117 0 TD [(Biological T)97(race Element R)19(esearch)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 15.071 0 TD 0 Tw ( )Tj /F3 1 Tf -21.0827 -1.25 TD (139)Tj /F1 1 Tf 1.5 0 TD .025 Tw (: 160167.)Tj -2.9173 -1.25 TD .1247 Tw [(Norouzian, M.A. and Azizi, F)130(.)0( 2013. F)74(actors affect-)]TJ 1.4173 -1.25 TD .0504 Tw [(ing iodine content in dairy cows milk a review. )300.4( )]TJ /F2 1 Tf T* .2249 Tw [(European Journal of F)65(ood R)19(esearch and R)19(eview )]TJ /F3 1 Tf T* 0 Tw (3)Tj /F1 1 Tf .5 0 TD .025 Tw (: 6373.)Tj -1.9173 -1.25 TD .3343 Tw [(OBrien, B., Mehra, R. and Connolly, J.F)130(. 1999. )]TJ 1.4173 -1.25 TD .2904 Tw (Seasonal variation in the composition of Irish )Tj 23.9173 69.9999 TD .0639 Tw [(manufacturing and retail milks. IV)167(. 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